pharmocology chapter 1
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48 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 orphan drug program special- FDA PROGRAM | encourages the development and marketing of products used to treat rare diseases. |
| accelerated program-special FDA PROGRAM | A program to make life-saving investigational drugs available to treat diseases that pose a significant threat |
| drug development | Can take 7-12 years; FDA has responsibility for approving new drugs and monitoring drugs currently in use for adverse or toxic reactions. This is divided into a pre-FDA phase and a FDA phase. |
| controlled substances | drugs that have the potential for abuse and dependency, both physical and psychological |
| physical dependency | habitual use of a drug, where negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation |
| psychological dependency | is a compulsion to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience |
| controlled substance act | 1970; list of controlled drugs prepared by FDA suhedule |
| nonprescription | Over-the-counter drugs |
| prescription drug | Medicine available only by written order from a doctor |
| pharmaceutic phase | dissolution - the first phase of drug action |
| pharmacokinetic phase | how drug is absorbed and moved through the body, onset of action, duration of action |
| pharmacodynamic phase | deals with the drug's action and effect on the body |
| half life | time the body have to removed 50% of the drug from the body |
| absorption | the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion |
| parenteral drug | drug administration occurring outside the alimentary tract; injected into the body through some route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intramuscularly) |
| active transport | the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy |
| passive transport | The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy |
| pinocytosis | process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid |
| first pass effect | Initial metabolism in the liver of a drug taken orally before the drug reaches the systemic circulation |
| distribution | the systemic circulation distributes drugs where they need to go drug interact with specific receptors |
| receptor | protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response |
| agonist | a drug that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a therapeutic response |
| antagonist | is a drug that bind with a receptor but does not stimulate the receptor |
| biotransformation | The process by which the body inactivates drugs. Also called metabolism. |
| metabolite | inactive form of the original drug |
| excertion | Elimination of waste products |
| onset | time between giving a drug and onset of its therapeutic effect |
| peak concentration | when absorption rate equals the elimination rate (not always the time of peak response) |
| duration of action | length of time the drug produces a therapeutic effect |
| pharmacologic | a known, inherent pharmacologic effect of a drug, directly related to dose |
| teratogen | Substance that can produce developmental malformations (birth defects) during the prenatal period |
| allergic reaction | hypersensitivity reaction to a particular allergen |
| antigen | any substance foreign to the body that evokes an immune response...... invader |
| antibodies | proteins that protect aganist antigen |
| anaphylactic | Severe allergic reaction that can be fatal |
| angioedema | Allergic reaction consisting of edema of subcutaneous tissue, mucous membranes or viscera. Is painless and only slightly pruritic. |
| drug idiosyncrasy | any unusal or abnormal reaction to a drug |
| pharmacogenetics | the study of the effect that genetic factors have on an individuals response to a drug |
| drug tolerance | a decreased response to a drug usually requiring increased dosage to achieve desired effect |
| cumulative drug effect | a drug effect that occurs when the body has not fully metabolized a dose of a drug before the next dose is given |
| toxic reaction | when a drug accumulates in the body. Most likely with very high doses, overdoses, or when the patient has liver or kidney failure. |
| drug drug interaction | when a drug reacts with another drug, food, or dietary supplement such that the effect of one of the substances is greater or smaller |
| additive drug reaction | a reaction that occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone |
| synergistic drug reaction | Combined effect of 2 drugs is greater than the effect of each drug taken alone -More intense effect or longer duration |
| antagonistic drug reaction | drugs cancel each others therapeutic effect |
| drug food interaction | occurs when a drug is taken along with certain foods that can after the drug's therapeutic effect |
| polypharmacy | The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems. |
| factors influencing drug response | age,, weight..... sex ......disease...... and route of administration |
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