1.
asherbanipal: -Built library in Ninevah (held more than 20,000 clay tablets)
-First library with modern features
-One of the last powerful and mighty Assyrian Kings
2.
assyria: -Military based empire in southwest Asia from 850 B.C. to 612 B.C.
-Known for their advanced military technologies and warrior culture.
-The Empire fell when their enemies united and destroyed the main city of the empire (Nineveh)
3.
buddhism: Buddhism was created by Siddhartha Gautama in India shortly after Hinduism was created.
4.
caste system: a rank in the social class system in India. The four castes were priests, warriors, peasants or traders, and laborers or craftsmen. you could not switch castes and you were born into your caste
5.
city-state: Any city and the land surrounding it. City-states were created by Sumerians, each had their own culture, governments, and rulers. They were
important because they expanded and shaped government and ruling ideas.
6.
civiliziation (5 traits): The five traits of civilizations are:
-Specialized workers
-Complex Institutions
-Record Keeping
-Advanced cities
-Advanced Technology
This is important because
+Archaeologist look at thees five traits to consider a civilatation, an actual city.
7.
covenant: a mutual promise or agreement- especially an agreement between God and the Hebrew people as recorded in the Bible.
8.
cultural defusion: A new idea or a product spreads from one culture to another
- adopting religion, language, laws, etc.
- usually happens in trade
9.
culture: A people's unique way of life. Culture unify's, organizes and identifys people.
10.
cyrus: Persia's king from 550 BCE to 600 BCE
- Military genius who led Persia to many victories
- Kind and tolerant leader who respected others cultures and customs
- Spread Persian empire over 2,00 miles
11.
domestication: Domestication of animals and plants allowed early people to have a constant access to resources vital for survival. No longer was it necessary for people to migrate following food but now that humans controlled nature, they were able to settle in certain areas and expand the population in specific locations
12.
dynastic cycle: The Dynastic cycle is the pattern seen in Chinese history, where dynasties would gain power and claim to have the Mandate of heaven, then get stronger, eventually begin to weaken, and then collapse (usually along with famine, flood, or other natural disaster). This would leave an opening for new dynasties to come in and gain power. Then the cycle would repeat.
13.
dynasty: Series of rulers from a single family. The rulers usually passed their power to their sons, who eventually passed in on to their own heirs.
14.
empire: Defined as a political unit
in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler. Basically, its the bringing together of many peoples and cultures under one ruler.
15.
fertile crecsent: A region in Southwest Asia that has a curved shape and very rich farming land. This is where Mesopotamia was located.
16.
hammurabi: The Babylonian Empire reached its peak under his reign. 1792 BC - 1750 BC. Best known for the code of laws that would unify the diverse groups in his empire.
17.
hammurabi's code: Hammurabi's code is the first code of laws. if people did not follow those laws, they would be brutsally punished.
18.
harappan civilization: The first civilizations in the Indus River Valley, characterized by their sophisticated city panning. The civilizations are sometimes called this because of the many archaeological discoveries made at that site
19.
hatshepsut: -Ruled 1472-1458 BCE
-Female pharaoh who encouraged trade instead of war.
-Brought new ideas and wealth to the Egyptian Empire
20.
hinduism: In Hinduism
everyone one has a soul, and there is a larger soul called Brahman. Hinduism orginated in Northern India and started around 1500 BCE.
21.
hunter-gatherer: A nomad who travels place to place following herds of animals and gathering plants. Early Humans were the first Hunter Gathers. Will envolve to farmers
22.
judaism: According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham, who came from the city of Ur in Mesopotamia, led the early Hebrews to Canaan around 1800 B.C.E. Around 1650 B.C.E., Abraham's descendants moved to Egypt.
23.
karma: In Hinduism and Buddhism, the good and bad deeds performed by a person, which is believed to determine his or her fate after rebirth.
24.
mandate of heaven: in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority. It legitimized the ruler's rule.
25.
mespotamia: Land that is facing the Mediterranean Sea and means "land between the rivers"
26.
neolithic revolution: The neolithic revolution was the major change in human life caused by the beginnings of farming. At this time, people shifted from food gathering to food producing. Also called the
agricultural revolution. Change in climate was the believed reason on why this revolution occurred. Climate change provided longer growing seasons and drier land for harvesting wild grasses
27.
nirvana: Nirvana is enlightenment in the Buddhist belief system. It is achieved when
one's soul sheds all attachment to the material world. It stops the ongoing cycle of death and rebirth.
28.
nomad: Extremely mobile people moving from one place to another foraging, or searching for new sources of food. An
example of a nomadic person is a hunter-gatherer who searches for plant food and hunts animals for meat
29.
pharaoh: The Pharaoh was the king of all of Egypt known as the morning and evening star. He was the man who made the laws and rules for all the people in the kingdom.
30.
polytheism: The belief in more than one god. Hinduism is polytheistic and they have thousands of gods.
31.
reincarnation: -in Hinduism and Buddhism
-the process by which a soul is born again and again
until perfect understanding is achieved and can be released from this world
-this understanding does not usually come in one lifetime
-understanding: Hinduism is called moksha, Buddhism is called nirvana
32.
sennacherib: His father (Sargon II)'s successor. -Ruled from 705-681 BC.
-In charge of the Assyrian Empire. -His reign did not revolve around the military, but more around architectural renovations and expansions.
-Headed a huge war against Babylon
33.
siddhartha guatama: Founder of Buddhism- Regarded as Supreme Buddha. Discovered "Middle Way", "Four Noble Truths" and "Eightfold Path" as well as other Buddhist teachings.
34.
steppes: A large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe. The Europeans herded cattle, sheep, and goats on the grasslands.
35.
technology: Technology is any object that can help improve life for humans. Some early examples of technology is the invention of stone tools, fire, and the wheel.
36.
the four noble truths: Buddah's 4 main ideas of understanding enlightenment. 1) Life is filled with suffering and sorrow. 2) The cause of all suffering is people's selfish desire for temporary
pleasure. 3) The way to end suffering is to end desires. 4) the way to overcome such desires and attain enlightment is to follow the Eightfold path, which is called the middle way between desires and self-denial.
37.
torah: The first 5 books of the Hebrew bible, and are to be considered to be the most sacred writings in their tradition. Contains the Ten Commandments and is respected by Christians as part of the Old Testament
38.
writing systems: Cuneiform is one of the earliest forms of writing known to man. It was created by Sumerian scribes around 3000 B.C. Hieroglyphics are an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds. Both of these ancient writing systems made it easier to record transactions as a merchant, and lead the way for more writing systems and the eventual alphabet.
