FAM 2 Small Ruminant Metabolic DZ
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 CU Toxicosis:Max intake Sheep Cattle Horses When do problems occur? Are goats susceptible? | Sheep: 25ppm Cattle: 100ppm Horses: 800ppm Problems: sheep fed cattle/horse rations Goats not as suceptible as sheep. |
| What is the simple form of Cu toxicosis? Cu accumulates at what rate: | > Cu:Mo & Su Cu >>>>>> MO Cu accumulates at 10:1 |
| CU toxicosis: __ & ___ bind Cu and ____ liver accumulation. | Mo & Su decrease |
| Cu toxicosis: issues with pastures fertilized with ___ or ___ manure - animals fed ___. Or Lambs fed ___ milk replacers. | poultry/swine - CuSo Lambs fed calf milk replacers |
| Cu Toxicosis Graze pasture with high ____ ratio. Young plants ___ in ____ Subterranean clover is __ in ___ | high Cu:Mo ratio young plants - lo in MO clover high in Cu |
| Cu Toxicosis Hepatogenous - plant toxins damage ____. eg ___ & ____ | liver Senecio, helotropium |
| Cu in diet binds ___ & accumulates in ___. There is a ___ relese of Cu into ____ due to ___ or _____ --> leads to acute IV ___ decreased blood ____ and _____. | binds proteins --> liver sudden release blood stress/spontaneous hemolysis dec blood gluathione methemaglobinemia |
| Signs of Cu toxicosis: behavior feeding feces blood MM | depression, anorexia, weakness, watery dark feces, anemia, hemaglobinuria, methemaglobinemia, icterus, muddy MM |
| Cu toxicosis on necropsy: Liver Kidney Submit what samples? why? | yellow, friable liver Dark red/blue-black kidney Submit both - post Cu release, Liver may have normal Cu levels |
| Cu toxicosis TX: PX: ___ once clinical signs 2 TX: Work by decrease Cu ___ and increase Cu ____. | PX: poor once clinical signs Ammonium molybdate & Na thiosulfate or Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate - decreases Cu absorption and increase Cu excretion |
| Cu deficiency: Due to __ ___ owners or a ___ ____ defecit. | over cautious true nutritional |
| Cu deficiency: Cu + ____ dec Cu availability ____ pastures b/c fertilizer contains ___ and ____ decreases Cu in forages. hay vs fresh grass, legumes vs grass which worse for deficiency? | Mo --> dec Cu improved fertilizers - contains Mo, --> dec Cu Lime --> dec in Cu Hay > fresh grass, Legumes > grass - relative binder amt - and worse vs best for Cu def. |
| Cu Deficiency C/S Blood Milk Color Heart Fertility Immunity Growth Joints GI other: | microcytic anemia Dec milk production Washed out hair color Heart filure substandard fertility depressed immunity Dec growth Enlarged joints diarrhea Lamness |
| Cu deficiency Enzootic Neonatal Ataxia Born to __ deficient dam Progressive incoordination starting at ___ C/S: hair: Due to high __ or ___ levels Death w/i __ of c/s | Cu deficient hind limbs diarrhea, unthrifty, lo wt gain, loss of hair color, fractures Loss of wool crimp, looks stringy, kinky Usually due to high Mo or Su levels Death within 3-4d of C/s |
| Cu deficiency enzootic ataxia dz usually age: recovery? w/what? C/S Necropsy: | usu neonates 2-3mo +/- recovery with supplementation Same C/S as enzootic neonatal Demyelination of spinal cord and cerebral matter cavitation = big holes |
| Cu toxicosis - premortem Dx: Liver biospsy - are serum levels always high? Liver Kidney Serum levels | Serum may be normal before Cu release from liver. Liver 350ppm Kidney 100ppm Serum 50-200ug/dL |
| Rib to take liver biospy near - and position: | T9-T10 Cranial surface T10 b/c never, artery, vein off caudal edge |
| Cu deficiency: - enzootic ataxia TX Feed adequate:___ by supplementinng with __ ___. Ratio Cu:Mo ideal: | adequate Cu intake - trace mineral supplmentation 5:1-10:1 for adequate absorption. |
| Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency Happens in which animals: What areas: Milk replacer with what? High moisture grains have low levels of what? | -young/rapidly growing -NW US & NE seaboard - Se deficiency, also all over US -Milk replacer with fish, inseed, corn, or soybean oil - PUFAs --> inc free radicals Low Vit E |
| Vit E/Selenium Deficiency: Metabolism of PUFAS results in release of ___ ___. Plants high in PUFAs ___ ____ ___. Deficiencies result in ___ of ___ ___. | free radicals Young growing plants breakdown cell membranes |
| 2 forms of Vit E/Selenium deficiency | cardiac skeletal |
| vit E/Selenium deficiency Cardiac form: Causes myocardial ____ seen dead w/i ____ Lungs HR Lesions where? | peracute - acute decompensation Dead w/i 24hrs Pulmonary edema - nasal froth Inc HR w/irregular rhythm Lesions in heart, diaphragm, intercostals |
| Vit E/Selenium Skeletal form Shows as: Which muscles HR? -due to? Improvement? | -weakness/stiffness -supporting muscles may be swollen, painful -gastroc, semi-membranosis, tendinosis, neck, gluteals -Inc HR from pain -May improve with treatment |
| Vit E/Selenium Def DX Look for Selenium in which samples? How to keep samples? Vit E - how to evaluate? | -Serum, Liver, Se dependent glutathione peroxidase. Found in RBCs - use whole blood Keep sample refrigerated b4 testing Vit E - difficult to eval |
| Rule outs for Vit E/Selenium Def | Clostridial myositis Sepsis Toxemia Meningitis Spinal cord trauma Neurotoxins |
| Vit E/Selenium combination Main ingredient - vit E?: Forms: Don't use which forms in sheep? If pregnant? For Vit E? | Vit E - preservative only, main ingredient = Selenium Bo-Se (bovine) L-Se - for lambs + piglets Do not use Mu-Se in sheep, or E-Se --> too high pregnant - half dose or will abort Vit E - separate supplment |
| Vit E/Selenium Def Prevent: Test ___ and provide Se ____ Rate of Se: Mix what 2 things? Avoid diets hi in ___ | test forage & provide Se dietary supplements 0.7mg/h/d Mix f/c fresh legumes & grasses avoid high grains |
| Hypocalcemia - often seen with ____ during ____ of ____ PRegnant ewes need how much of what 2 things? Serum Ca at what level says supplement: | preg tox, last 2 weeks gestation 8g Ca & 4g P/d Ca <7mg/dL --> supplement |
| Hypocalcemia: initially muscles are: Then: What is the final sign: | Initially hyperactive: - poor membrane stabilization from lack of calcium Then ataxia/flacid paralysis - no Ca at synapses to cause Ach release Bloat - no ruminal contractions |
| Hypocalcemia TX How much Ca: What route What can prevent? | 1g Ca/45kg body weight Oral, IV, SQ - check product Alfalfa prevents |
| PRegnancy toxemia aka ____ During ___ trimester # feti: BCS of animals more prone: | Ketosis Last trimester multiple feti thin/excessively obsese |
| Preg Tox due to ___ ____ ____ Decreased ___ Increased ____ | negative energy balance dec intake inc demand |
| During ketosis which 2 substances are used in the TCA and which is low? | Oxaloacetate Porprionate --> low |
| What is in excess druing ketosis in the TCA? What happens to it? | oxaloacetate, from fatty acid breakdown It backs up to Acetyl - CoA and is turned into 3 ketones |
| Pregnancy Toxemia C/S: Glucose: only source of energy for (3) Signs: Attitude position CNS: Teeth: | RBC, fetus, brain depressed recumbent Stargazing Incoordinated Bruxism - grind teeth b/c headaches |
| Pregnancy Toxemia Dx: (4) | ketonuria history, clinical signs Acidemia Hypoglycemia |
| Preg tox: TX Slight - moderately affected focus on | re-establishing balance IV dextrose 5% drip Propyelne glycol - proprionate source Transfaunation |
| Preg tox Severe affected TX focus on: | focus: pregnancy C - section support ewe enough to allow fetal development until 10d pre-term but often lose ewe & lambs |
| Prenancy Toxemia Prevention 2 parts | US 50d - determine multiple feti separate these and feed higher energy diet Shear early to mid gestation to dec heat production |
| Goiter - breeds ___ deficient induced Ingestion of ___ during gestation ____ compounds (4 examples) ___ deficient diet in dam. | Polled dorset, boer, and angora Iodine deficient Brassica - goiterogenic cmpds Peanuts, soybeans, cherries, kale Iodine deficient diet in dam |
| Goiter - ____ deficient diet during gestation High ___ block absorption ____ deficient soil or ____ soil | Iodine Nitrates block Iodine or sandy |
| Goiter - congenital breeds: what type of gene: Px: | Merino sheep, dutch, pygmy, Nubian goats Recessive gene Outgrow by 1yo |
| Goiter C/S: neck breathing: neonate: fiber: skin: tendons: fertility: newborns: growth rate: Milk production: | Neck - enlarged thyroid Dyspnea weak, hairless/wool-less neonate Poor fiber quality Dry, flaky skin Tendon laxity Subnormal fertility, lo libido, poor semen quality Dead or weak newborns Poor growth rate Low milk production |
| Goiter DX C/S: of __ ___ HX of 3 Low iodine in (3) Low thyroxine - but stable? | CS - enlarged thyroid HX: poor growth, wt loss, fleece quality Low I in serum, plasma, milk nrmal 2.1-9.3ug/dL Low thyroxine - but variable, poor reliability |
| Goiter TX During pregnancy esp ___ ___, give __ ___ ___ Avoid ___ plants Give __ ___ in ___ getsation or ___ in milk to newborn congenital ___ response to tx | late gestation - trace mineral supplementaiton Avoid brassica 200-300mg KIodide PO late gestation 3-5drops Lugos iodine to newborn Congenital - poor response |
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