chapter 7 bio vocabb
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell | collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings, basic unit of all forms of life |
| cell membrane | thin,flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
| nucleus | the center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons;in cells,structures that contain the genetic material (DNA) and controls the cells activity |
| prokaryote | single-cell organism lacking a nucleus |
| organelle | specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell |
| chromosome | threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic info. that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| nuclear envelope | layer of 2 membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell |
| microtubule | a hollow cylindrical structure in the cytoplasm of most cells,involved in intracellular shape and transport |
| ribosome | small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled, made of RNA and protein |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell,studded with ribosomes |
| lysosome | cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in a cell |
| chloroplast | organelle found in cells and plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and coverts it into a chemical reaction |
| endonucleases | any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds between nucleic acids in the interior of dna or rna molecule |
| kinases | any various enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a donor,such as adp or atp, to an acceptor |
| lipid bilayer | double-layer sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes |
| diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| active transport | energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
| phagocytosis | process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into 5he cell |
| cell specialization | separates roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms |
| organ | group of tissues that work together to preform closely related functions |
| hypotonic solution | the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes |
| isotonic solution | when the concentration of two solutions are the same |
| cell theory | idea that all living things are composed of cells,cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells |
| cell wall | strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants,algae,and some bacteria |
| cytoplasm | material inside the cell membrane -not including the nucleus |
| eukaryote | organisms whose cells contain nuclei |
| chromatin | granular material visible within the nucleus;consists of dna tightly coiled around proteins |
| nucleolus | small,dense dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begin |
| cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments within some cells that helps keep the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement |
| microfilament | a minute, narrow tubelike cell structure coposed of protein similar to actin, occuring singly and in bundles, involved in cytoplasmic movement and changes in cell shape |
| smooth endoplamic reticulum | a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a smooth surface |
| golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies,sorts,and packages proteins from the endoplamic reticulum |
| vacuole | cell organelle that stores material such as water,salts,protiens,and carbs |
| mitochondrion | cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cells to use |
| proteases | any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic degradation of proteins or polypeptides to smaller amino acid polyers |
| hydrolases | an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis ??? |
| concentration | the mass of a solute in a given volume of solution |
| facilitated diffusion | movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
| endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by the infolding of the cell membrane |
| exocytosis | process by which a cell releases large amounts of material |
| tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| organ system | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| hypertonic solution | the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
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