Psychology 100
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Conditioning | Learning associations between events that occur in an organisms environment |
| Classical Conditioning ( aka Pavlov conditioning) | A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning |
| Acquisition | The initial stage of learning a new response tendency |
| Extinction | The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
| Stimulus Generalization | Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus |
| Stimulus Discrimination | Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus |
| Higher-order Conditioning | In which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus |
| Operant Conditioning | A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences |
| Reinforcement | Occurs when an event following a response increases an organisms tendency to make that response |
| Shaping | The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response |
| Discriminative Stimuli | Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or non-reinforcement) of a response |
| Primary Reinforcers | Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs |
| Secondary Reinforcers | Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers |
| Schedule of Reinforcement | A specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Occurs when very instance of a designated response is reinforced |
| Intermittent Reinforcement | Occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time |
| Fixed-ratio (FR) Schedule | The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non reinforced response (Ex. Rat reinforced every 10th lever press, sales person receives a bonus for every 4 Th golf clubs sold) |
| Variable-ratio (VR) Schedule | The reinforcer is given after a variable number of non reinforced responses (Ex. Rat reinforced for every 10th lever press on averrage, slot machine in casino pays offf once every 6 tries on average) |
| Fixed-interval (FI) Schedule | The reinforcer is given for the first response that accurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed (Ex. Rat reinforced for the 1st lever press after 2-minute interval has elapsed and must wait 2 min before receving next reinf., student can earn grades(assuming grades are reinf) by taking exams every 3 weeks |
| Variable-interval (VI) Schedule | The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average (Ex. rat reinf for the 1st lever press aftter 1 min interval but following intervals are 3 min, 2 min, 4 min, etc. - w/ average length of 2 min. Person repeatedly dials aa busy phone # (getting thru is reinf) |
| Positive Reinforcement | Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus |
| Negative Reinforcement | Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus |
| Punishment | Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response |
| Latent Learning | Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs |
| Observational Learning | Occurs when an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models |
| Elaboration | linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding |
| Dual-Coding Theory | Holds that memory is enhanced ny forming both semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall |
| Sensory Memory | Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second |
| Short-term Memory (STM) | A limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds |
| Chunk | a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit |
| Long-term Memory (LTM) | An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time |
| Schema | An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event |
| Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon | The temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that its just out of reach |
| Misinformation Effect | Occurs when participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information |
| Source Monitoring | The process of making inferences about the origins of memories |
| Source-Monitoring Error | Occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source |
| Nonsense Syllables | Consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words |
| Forgetting Curve | Graphs retention and forgetting over time |
| Recall Measure | Requires participants to reproduce information on their own without any cues |
| Decay Theory | Propsoes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time |
| Inference Theory | Proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material |
| Retroactive Interference | Occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information |
| Proactive Interference | Occurs when preciously learned information interferes with the retention of new information |
| Retrograde Amnesia | A person loses memories for events that occurred prior to the injury |
| Anterograde Amnesia | A person loses memories for events that occur after the injury |
| Prospective Memory | Involves remembering to perform actions in the future (Ex. remembering to walk the dog, to call someone, to grab tickets for the big game, to turn off the lawn sprinkler) |
| Retrospective Memory | Involves remembering events from the past or previously learned info (Ex. trying to remember who won the super bowl last year, trying to remember what your professor said from last week's lecture) |
| Serial-position Effect | Occurs when subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list that for items in the middle |
| Link Method | Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together |
| Shallow Processing -------> | Stuctural encoding- focuses on the physical structure if the stimulus. (Ex. Is this word written in capital letters?) |
| Intermediate Processing -------> | Phonemic encoding- focuses on what a word sounds like. (Ex. Does the word rhyme with weight?) |
| Deep Processing ---------> | Semantic encoding- focuses on the meaning of verbal input. (Ex. Would the word fit in the sentence: "He met a _____ on the street"?) |
| Brain Areas & Memory | Prefrontal cortex, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, amygdala, hippocampus |
| Bandura's Modeling Theory | William James, Kurt Lewin, & Albert Bandura Adults hitting a "Bobo Doll" to work out their frustrations and anger, children watching through a one-way mirror and start becoming more agressive while playing. The experiment had to stop b/c the children were becoming to rough. |
| Atkison - Shiffren | Theories formulated at the dawn of the computer age dre an analogy between info storage by computers and info storage in human memory |
| Learned Helplessness | Example: a child comes home excited to write their name for the first time and the parent tells them how awful it looks. The child will eventually think that everything they do is wrong. |
| Learning | Any reletively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience. |
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