ARCHAEOLOGY 195
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74 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anthropolgy | the comprehensive science of human kind HOLISTIC AND INCLUSIVE |
| Synchronic | evaluating some aspect of the human species at one pooint in time |
| Diachromatic | looking at how humanity has developed or changed through time |
| four sub diciplines of anthropolgy | cultural, physical, linguistic, archaeology |
| cultural anthropolgy | study of contemporary and recent historical cultures around the world. |
| ethnography | the study of a specific human culture |
| ethnology | comparitive studies of different contemporary cultures |
| ethnohistory | using historical records or traditions to learn the past. |
| physical anthropolgy | study of the human species as a biological organism. |
| bioanthropology | human variation among contemporary groups |
| linguistic anthroplogy | the comparative study of the function structure and history of languages and the communication process in general |
| archaeology | the study of the human past through material remains |
| cultural relativity | suspending ones ethnocentric judgements in order to understand and appreciate another culture |
| ethnocentrism | deep felt beliefe that your culture is superior to all others. condecending or even hostile toward other cultures is normal for all people |
| 4 principle goals in studying the past | form, function, processes,meaning |
| form | describe and classify the physical remains of the past |
| function | analyze the form and interrelatedness of recovered materials |
| prosess | usw the remains of ancient cultures to explain how and why they changed through time. |
| meaning | deriving meaning from the archaeological record |
| chronology | temporal relationships among data |
| past lifeways | functional relationships among data |
| cultural process | development and change |
| arc vs history | both seek to understand past, history depends on written accounts |
| prehistoric archaeology | before written records |
| classical archaeology | ancient greece and rome |
| egyptology | ancient egyptian language and hieroglyphics |
| biblical | attempt to link accounts in biblical and canaanite literature with archaeology. |
| underwater/nautical | anything submerged in water |
| first scientific excavations | thomas jefferson 1784 richard colt hoare england 1810 |
| sir mortimer wheeler | grid square method |
| radio carbon dating | 1949 developed by willard libby @ University of Chicago |
| what is science | the process of understanding the world throughout the spplication of logical thought |
| pseudoarchaeology | non scientific misapplication, misinterpretation, misrepresentation of the archaeological record. |
| occams razor | the simplest observation is usually the best one |
| archaeological record | the physical remains of past human activity and their relationship to one another |
| scale | different levels of discovery analysis and interpretations geographic and chronolgic |
| context | the place and association among archaeological materials and the situations withing which they occur. |
| provenince | the location at which an artifact is found recorded in 3 dimensiors |
| matrix | the material withing which something is found |
| association | the objects spacial relationship to other objects in the matrix |
| primary context | the original position of an object in the place of discard or depositions |
| in situ | in place |
| secondary context | not primary |
| artifact | something made or modified by people that is discrete and portable |
| features | the non portable results of human activities |
| midden | substantial accumulation of garbage or waste |
| ecofacts | non artificial evidence from the past that has cultural significance both organic and inorganic objects |
| founal remains | animal remains |
| floral remains | botanical |
| attributes | detailedd characterisic of an archaeological material |
| attributes of site | location funtion age |
| settlement | individual locations of past human habitation |
| settlement pattern | types and distribution of settlements across the landscape |
| settlement system | how sites are integrated with each other either typically in reference to economic or political interaction |
| settlement hierarchy | pattern of differential sizes of sites related to position in the settlement system |
| types of settlement | camps hamlet vilage |
| camp | short term temporary settlements usually associated with hunter-gatheres or nomads |
| hamlet | a small vilage with just a handful of houses and a small number of inhabitants |
| vilage | small residential units of permanent houses with population |
| assemblage | set of related things |
| component | assemblage from a single layer living floor or occupation level |
| occupation horizon | layer or stratum that accumulated |
| living floor | actual places where people carried out their activities |
| systemic context | actual use of artifacts and features in past or present |
| archaeological context | once artifacts enter the ground, they become part of the archaeological context, where they can continue to be affected by human action but are also affected by natural processes |
| archaeology reconnaisance | systematic attempt to identify sites |
| augering | large drill run by machine-used to find depths of deposits such as topsoil or middens |
| cones | hollow tubes driven into the ground |
| arbitrary | spacial divisions with no inherent cultural or natural relevence (generally defined by a grid system) |
| non arbitrary | corresponds either to natural areas, such as microenvironments |
| representative samples | minimize bias, more cost efficient, minimize impact to the archaeological record. |
| systematic | attempts uniform coverage |
| simple random | every unit has equal chance of being selected |
| stratified random | researchuniverse subdivided each sub region sampled seperately |
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