1.
Acetylcholine: Muscle contraction (PNS), cortical arousal (CNS)
2.
Action Potential - all stages (resting potential, depolarization, hyperpolarization, threshold, refractoryperiod, how sodium and potassium are involved): Resting: no activity; depolarization: change in cell membrane's potential; hyperpolarization: makes cell membrane more negative; threshold: when the electrical charge inside the neuron reaches a high enough level relative to the outside.
3.
Agonist: Promotes action (muscles)
4.
Amygdala: Fear
5.
Anandamide: Pain reduction, increase in appetite
6.
Antagonist: Opposes action (muscles)
7.
Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories after a traumatic event.
8.
Autonomic: Regulates emotion and internal physical states.
9.
Axon: Nerve fiber projecting from the cell body that carries nerve impulses.
10.
Axon hillock: Connects cell body of a neuron to the axon.
11.
Axon terminal: Releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
12.
Basal Forebrain: Selective attention
13.
Basal Ganglia: Movement & planned action
14.
Blood-Brain Barrier: Separation of circulating blood and the brain extracellular fluid in the CNS.
15.
Broca's Aphasia: Inability to form speach
16.
Central Nervous System: CNS: composed of brain and spinal cord.
17.
Cerebellum: Motor control, coordination, language, and emotion
18.
Cerebellum: Balance
19.
Cerebrum: Controls all voluntary action
20.
Cingulate Cortex: Emotion
21.
Dendrites: Projection that picks up impulses from other neurons
22.
Dopamine: Motor function and reward
23.
Endorphins: Pain reduction
24.
Excitatory: Excitatory: depolarizes membrane and promotes action potential generation.
25.
Forebrain: The most highly developed area of the human brain
26.
Frontal lobe: Language, memory, executive function: oversees other mental operations
27.
Functional neuroimaging: Used to diagnose metabolic diseases and lesions on a finer scale
28.
GABA: Main inhibitory neurotransmitter
29.
Glial Cell: Glue
30.
Glutamate: Main excitatory transmitter
31.
Hindbrain: Consists of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla
32.
Hippocampus: Memory
33.
Hypothalamus: Hunger
34.
Inhibitory: Activation of the receptor causes hyperpolarization and depresses action potential generation.
35.
Limbic System: Interconnected brain regions: thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
36.
Medulla: Breathing, heart rate
37.
Midbrain: Plays important role in movement
38.
Myelin Sheath: Fatty coat that insulates the axons of some nerve cells, speeding transmission of impulses.
39.
Neurogenesis, Synaptogenesis, Pruning: Creation of new neurons in the adult brain; creation of new synapsi; killing off of unnecessary neurons.
40.
Neurotransmitters - molecules / chemicals, endogenous (inside): Endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse.
41.
Norepinephrine: Brain arousal, mood, hunger, and sleep
42.
Occipital lobe: Very rear of brain; vision center
43.
Parasympathetic Division: Active during rest and digestion.
44.
Parietal lobe: Spacial systems
45.
Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves that extend outside of the CNS
46.
Phrenology: Pseudoscience of bumps on head meaning traits. Gave rise to idea of brain specialization of processes.
47.
Plasticity: The nervous system's ability to change
48.
Pons: Communication center between the two brain hemispheres; triggers dreams
49.
Psychoactive Drugs - exogenous, how they mimic NTs: Foreign, therefore exogenous; mimics normal processes.
50.
Receptor Binding - lock & key (NT to receptor, chemical): Hormone or neurotransmitter affects target cells by binding to specific receptor molecules, which are often located in the cell membrane.
51.
Serotonin: Mood and temperature regulation, aggression, sleep cycles
52.
Somatic Nervous System: Carries messages from CNS to muscles throughout body
53.
Somatosensory Cortex: Temperature, body position, and pain
54.
Structural neuroimaging: Shows structure of brain and intercranial disease
55.
Sympathetic nervous system: Active during arousal, especially a crises.
56.
Synapse and Synaptic Cleft: Terminal point of axon branch which releases neurotransmitters; a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal
57.
Synaptic vesicles: Reuptakes neurotransmitters
58.
Temporal lobe: Hearing, understanding language, autobiographical memory
59.
Thalamus: Sensory relay station
60.
Wernike's Aphasia: Nonsensical speach
