Flashcards: Chapter 7: Learning and Conditioning
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mcdonald0901 on October 10, 2011
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Learning | RELATIVELY permanent change in behavior due to experience |
| Behaviorism | school of psychology that accounts for behavior in terms of observable acts and events, without reference to mental entities. Relies heavily on conditioning |
| Conditioning | involves associations between environmental stimuli and responses. Two types 1)Classical, 2)Operant |
| Ivan Pavlov | studied salivation of dogs and made a discovery in conditional learning; the dog would begin to salivate even before the meat was brought out. Began studying conditional reflexes then on. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | stimulus that causes a reflexive responsive in the absence of learning (Think meat in dog's mouth) |
| Unconditioned Response | reflexive response caused by a stimulus in the absence of learning (Think dog salivating) |
| Neutral Stimulus | stimulus that does not yet produce a particular response (Empty dog bowl) |
| Conditioned Stimulus | causes a learned (conditioned) response. Used to be a neutral stimulus |
| Conditioned Response | response that is caused by conditioned stimlus. This response is similar to the original (unconditioned response) |
| Classical Conditioning | Process by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. (Pavlovian/Respondent Conditioning) |
| Extinction | weakening of of a learned response; conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned response. Spontaneous Recovery may occur when the response reappears |
| Higher Order Conditioning | Neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when paired with an already established conditioned stimulues. |
| Stimulus Generalization | other stimuli may produce a similar reaction; after a stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus for some response. |
| Stimulus Discrimination | Different responses are made to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus in some way. |
| John Watson | Founded American behaviorism and promoted Pavlov's Ideas. Human emotions are caused by conditioning principles. |
| Phobia | Irrational fear |
| Counterconditioning | conditioned stimulus is paired with some other stimulus that causes a response incompatible with the unwanted response. |
| Operant Conditioning | conditioning in which the organisms response produces effects on the environment. In turn, influences whether the response will occur again |
| Edward Thorndike | conducted an experiment with cats trying to get fish out of a puzzle-like box. The cat took less and less time to open the box with "stamped in" responses (Loosening bolts, hitting buttons, etc.) |
| B.F. Skinner | coined "Radical Behaviorism." to understand behavior we should focus on the external causes of an action and its consequences. |
| Radical Behaviorism | behaviorism that focuses on external causes of an action and its consequences. Difference between satisfaction and annoyance. Look outside the individual rather tan inside. |
| Reinforcement | strengthens the response or makes it more likely to occur. Not necessarily a reward (something that has been earned, resulting in happiness.) |
| Punishment | weakens the response or makes it less likely to recur. |
| Primary | Inherently beneficial or detrimental (food, water, light stroking of the skin, extreme heat/cold, etc.) |
| Secondary | Learned beneficial or detrimental (Money, Praise, applause, good grades, criticism, demerits, scolding, fines, etc.) |
| Positive Reinforcement | pleasant consequences makes a response more likely |
| Negative Reinforcement | removal of something unpleasant (Nagging about doing homework ceases) |
| Discriminative Stimulus | signals whether the response will pay off. (When light is on pecking brings reward, when light is off pecking is futile) |
| Continuous Reinforcement | response is rewarded each time it occurs |
| Intermittent Reinforcement | reinforcing only some responses, not all of them. |
| Shaping | reinforcing a tendency in the right direction |
| Successive Approximations | responses that you reinforce on the way to the final one. (Giving slight rewards for getting closer to the rat actually pulling the lever) |
| instinctive drift | reversion to instinctive behavior (Pig pushing at coin, throwing it in the air, then pushing at it some more) (Easy to teach belly-dancing to a naturally outgoing person.) |
| Determinist View | promoted by Skinner, says that our actions are determined by our environments and genetic heritage. |
| Behavior Modification | "Applied Behavior Analysis". the application of operant conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce maladaptive behavior |
| Extrinsic Reinforcers | Reinforcers that come from an outside party, and are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced |
| Intrinsic Reinforcers | enjoyment of the task or satisfaction of accomplishment. |
| Latent Learning | learning that is not immediately expressed in performance |
| Social Cognitive Theory | theory that emphasizes how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others. |
| Observational Learning | Learning by watching others |