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Taproots Commonly found in dicot plants penetrate the soil with relatively little branching; can also be called primary roots because they grow directly from the plants embryo Fleshy Roots Taproots that enlarge to store large quantities of food Fibrous Roots Have no main section but spread out with very thin forming a tangled mass in shallow soil Root Hairs Epidermal cells that develop into long finger-like projections Root Cortex Region in the epidermis where food is stored Central Vascular Cylinder Contains xylem and phloem tissues Primary Growth Growing in length Meristematic Reign Closet to the end of the root tip; where cell division takes place, adding new cells to increase the root's length Region of Elongation Cells increase in length, pushing the root farther into the soil Maturation Region Cells organize into the vascular cylinder Root Cap Located at the tip of the root providing a covering Lateral Roots Originate from the primary or tap root Diffusion The process of mixing molecules of one substance through another by random molecular motion Osmosis One-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane Capillarity The upward movement of liquids through a very narrow tube Cohesion The force that holds water particles together Adhesion The force that causes water to stick to the walls of narrow tubes Rising of Water Exactly how water is raised in plants is not completely understood Sap Stream The upward flow of fluids through the xylem tubes Vegetative Reproduction When a new plant starts to grow from a stem, leaf, or root Asexual Reproduction No union of sex cells Vegetative Propagation When a person uses vegetative reproduction methods to start a new plant from a root, stem, or leaf Cutting A piece of stem or root which is capable of growing into a new plant Adventitious Roots Roots that sprout from the bottom of a cut stem; roots that grow from an unexpected region of the plant, such as a stem or a leaf Layering A method of plant propagation involving the pegging down of runners and stolons to the soil surface. Adventitious roots develop where a node touches the soil and a shoot develops from the lateral meristem. New daughter plants eventually establish. Carnations are commonly propagated in this way. Grafting The process of transplanting living tissue from one plant to another Scion The branch that is going to be grated onto a stem growing on another tree Stock Tree which receives the new stem Budding Grafting in which the scion is a bud Tropism When an organism moves either toward or away from a stimulus Phototropism When a plant senses a window as a source of lights and grows towards the light Geotropism Plants responding to gravity Chemotropism Growing towards chemicals Hydrotropism Growing toward water Thigmotropism Growing toward touch Auxins Growth hormones secreted by the tips of the shoot Cytokinins Growth hormones that can affect stem growth Gibberellins Growth hormones that help to regulate normal plant growth Abscisic Acid or ABA Signals plant tissue to remain dormant Bulb Made up of a special stem and leaves designed to store food Corms Swollen stems Rhizomes Thick stems that grow horizontally under the ground providing food storage and a means of vegetative reproduction Stolons Creeping stem that grows above the ground Runner Special stems that grow quickly along the surface of the ground Tendrils A stem contacts a surface such as a fence or wall and wraps itself around the object Tuber Special stem often mistaken for a root Eyes (Potato) Nodes consisting of buds and small leaves Thorns Long sharp special stems Ethylene Hormone that signals leaf abscission Vascular Bundles A longitudinal arrangement of strands of xylem and phloem, and sometimes cambium, that forms the fluid-conducting channels of vascular tissue in the rhizomes, stems, and leaf veins of vascular plants, the arrangement varying with the type of plant. Cortex The tissue in which the vascular bundles are embedded Rind Outer covering of a monocot stem Bark The outer section of a woody stem Cork Stronger protective tissue that is produced as a tree grows older Sieve Tubes Phloem cells are connected end-to-end at their sieve plates Wood The strong, resilient inner section of a woody stem Tracheids Water-conducting cells Vessels Designed to cease function and break down when mature Vascular Tissue Is the xylem and phloem that forms the circularity system Pith Softer than wood and is the thin-walled cells Heartwood Older inner wood Sapwood Lighter and is the outer part of the wood Secondary Growth Growth in width Annual Growth Rings Distinct layers of xylem Grain Spring wood and summer wood Buds Part of the stem which allows it to grow in length or to develop new stems, flowers, or leaves Terminal Bud Large bud at the end of a twig Lateral Buds Buds along the sides of the twig Bud Scales Protect the bud in winter from frost and injury and from dying out Bud-scale Scars Rings that circle the stem Leaf Scars Reveal here leaves were attached to the stem in previous years Internode Section of the twig between nodes Bundle Scars Indicates passage points of vascular tissue from the stem to the petiole of the leaf Lenticels Openings in the bark which allow air to enter the stem Primary Growth When stems grow in length at the tip of their branches Spire-like branching Trees with strong terminal buds in the main vertical stem grow tall and straight with branches coming up from a large central shaft Spreading Branches Trees that have strong lateral buds develop several main branches usually close to the ground Simple Fruits Fruits that form from one flower that has only one pistil Aggregate Fruits Fruits that form from one flower that has several pistils Multiple Fruits Fruits that form from several flowers Berries Simple fruits in which the entire ovary is fleshy and juicy throughout Drupes Simple fruits that have an outer fleshy layer and an inner woody layer Pomes Simple fruits that have an outer fleshy layer and an inner papery core Legumes Simple fruits that consist of a pod enclosing several seeds Samaras Small, dry seeds that have one or two winglike structures attached to them Nuts Simple dry fruits consisting of a seed enclosed in a hard covering, or shell Achenes Simple dry fruits consisting of a seed and a shell (thinner than that of a nut) Grains The simple fruits of the grass family Cereal Grains Grains that are important to man (wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, and corn) Husk (Chaff) The shell of a wheat kernel Bran The shell-like fruit covering in a wheat kernel that can be removed only by milling Endosperm The starchy part that makes up about 85% of the wheat kernel; the part of the seed which provides nutrition to the growing embryo Germ The embryo of the young wheat plant The primary function of fruits to the plant To Scatter seeds Viable Tthe term that means "able to germinate and grow" Agent dispersal The type of seed dispersal in which there is an outside agent (wind, water, animals, or man) carrying the seeds Mechanical Dispersal When the fruits scatter their seeds by bursting open when they are ripe Fruit The type of seed dispersal in which fruits scatter their own seeds Function of Fruits Seed bearing structures of flowering plants Botanist Def. Ovary Any ripened ovary is called a fruit whether it is sweet or not and whether it is edible by humans or not Pollination The transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma portion of a pistil Self-pollination Pollination that occurs within the same flower Cross-pollination Occurs when the pollen from an anther of one plant is transferred to the stigma of a flower on another plant Nectar A sweet-tasting, watery liquid produced by plants Hybrid The result of cross-pollination that occurs between plants belonging to different species of the same plant Fertilization The process by which a sperm cell brought by a pollen grain fuses with the egg cell within the ovule of a flower Gametes Reproductive cells Sexual Reproduction The type of reproduction in which sperm and egg unite Pollen Tube The tubelike growth that emerges from a germinating pollen grain Hormones Chemicals produced by plants or animals to control or stimulate specific processes Ripening Term that means "growing larger or developing into a fruit" Abscission Layer Layer that forms in the stalk of the fruit and begins to "cut" the fruit from the stem Flowers The reproductive parts of flowering seed plants Purpose of Flowers To produce seeds for reproduction Flower Stalk or Pedicel Special stem on which a flower is usually formed Receptical The enlarged end of the flower stalk; designed to hold the developing seeds Sepals Leaflike structures attached to the edge of the receptacle Petals The most conspicuous part of a flower Corolla Another name for the petals of a flower Stamens The organs within the corolla which produce pollen Pollen The grainy substance that contains the male reproductive cells for the flower Sperm The male reproductive cells for the flower Filament The slender, elongated stalk on a flower that holds the anther Anther An enlarged structure at the tip of the filament that produces pollen Pistil The elongated, vaselike structure of a flower that contains the stigma, the style, and the ovary Ovary The swollen base of a pistil that holds the ovules Ovules Future seeds; structures which contain the female reproductive cells Egg Cells The female reproductive cells of a flower Style The stalklike structure that connects the ovary to the tip of the pistil Stigma The tip of the pistil; receives the pollen grains at the time of pollination Sepals, Petals, Stamens, and Pistils The four basic flower parts that make up a complete flower Incomplete Flowers A flower that lacks one or more of the four basic flower parts Bracts Structures that often appear to be petals, but do not replace petals Staminate Flowers flowers which lack pistils and bear only stamens; male flowers Pistillate Flowers which lack stamens and bear only pistils; Female flowers Monoecious Any plant on which both staminate and pistillate flowers are produced on the same plant Dioecious Any plant on which both staminate and pistillate flowers are produced on different plants Inflorescence Clusters of flowers The chief factor affecting the flowering of most plants The length of daylight and night Photoperiodisim When plants require a definite period of light and darkness before they will flower Horticulturists Agricultural technicians who specialize in growing flowers, fruits, vegetables, and shrubs Stone The inner woody layer in a drupe that surrounds the seed Names of the Simple Fleshy Fruits Berries, drupes, and pomes Names of the Simple Dry Fruits Legumes, samaras, nuts, grains, and achenes The four distinct parts of a wheat kernel Husk, bran, endosperm, and germ Seeds The final result of the process of flower and fruit formation; fully developed and mature ovules that are capable of producing a new plant The three parts of a seed Embryo plant, endosperm, and seed coat Seed Coat The part of the seed which provides a protective covering for the seed Plumule A tiny shoot within an embryo that will develop into the stem and leaves of the plant Radicle The part of an embryo that will develop into the root system of the plant Cotyledons The part(s)of an embryo that that contain stored food that the embryo will use to supply the energy for sprouting Dicots Plants whose seeds have two cotyledons Moncots Plants whose seeds have one cotyledon Germination The sprouting of a seed Dormancy A period of inactivity before the plant germinates Starch The form in which most of the food in the cotyledon is stored George Washington Carver One of America's greatest plant scientists; discovered over one hundred uses for the sweet potato and more than three hundred uses for the peanut Plumule, radicle, cotyledon(s) Three parts of an embryo The amount of moisture, oxygen and sunlight available, the temperature, and the soil condition Five factors that favor germination