| Term | Definition |
| founded by leandro Alem, wanted honest govt, protection for fruitful enterprises, and end to land speculation. opposed Celman's presidency, and he resigned in 1890. the new political era was the oligarchy | la union civica |
| large land owners, foreign investors, higher-level military leaders, export merchants | Oligarchy members |
| elected due to split in union civica, and attempted to quell son's attempts to reform, exiles alem | Luiz Saenz Pena |
| one of the policies implemented by la union civica radical to get fair elections by boycotting elections | abstentation |
| after controversey over debt in venezuela, foreign minister of argentina, drago, stated thatno foreign power, including the United States, could use force against an American nation to collect debt. | Drago Docterine |
| luiz's son, who implimented the Saenz Pena law to get honest elections, effective suffrage, and participation of all political sectors | Roque Saenz Pena |
| called for universal male suffrage 18+, secret ballot (australian ballot), obligatory vote, and the party with plurality got 2/3 seats in chamber of deputies, and the second-place party got one-third to abolish possibility of coalition government | Saenz pena law |