Ch. 8 development across the life span
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78 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 activity theory | theory of adjustment to aging that suggests older people are happier if they remain active in some way |
| adolescence | the period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult |
| andropause | gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of males |
| attachment | the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver |
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) | disorder characterized by lack of impulse control, inability to concentrate and hyperactivity |
| authoritative | parenting style that involves combining firm limits on behavior combined with love, warmth, affection, respect, and a willingness to listen |
| authoritarian | parenting style that is rigid, demanding, controlling, uncompromising and overly concerned with rules |
| autonomy vs. shame and doubt | second stage of personality development in which the toddler strives for physical independence |
| babbling | consonant and vowel sounds representing the second stage of language development, usually occurring around 6 months of age |
| centration | in Piaget's theory, the tendency of a young child to focus on only one feature of an object while ignoring other, relevant features |
| chromosome | tightly would strand of genetic material or dna |
| cognitive development | the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory |
| conception | the moment at which a female becomes pregnant |
| concrete operational stage | third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes, but is not yet capable of abstract thinking |
| conjoined twins | often called Siamese twins, occurring from an incomplete separation of the zygotic cells |
| conservation | in Piaget's theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature |
| contact comfort | variable of tactile sensation that was proposed by Harry Harlow to be an important component in the formation of attachment |
| conventional morality | second level Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior |
| cooing | vowel-like sounds made by babies around 2 months of age representing the first stage of language development |
| critical periods | times during which some environmental influence can have an impact on the development of the infant |
| cross-sectional design | research design in which several different age groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time |
| cross-sequential design | research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design, but also followed and assessed for a period of no more than six years |
| dizygotic twins | often called fraternal twins, occuring when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time |
| DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) | special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism |
| dominant gene | referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait |
| ego integrity versus despair | eighth and final stage of Erikson's model of development in which the goal is to develop a sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets, the final completion of the ego |
| egocentrisim | the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes |
| elizabeth kubler-ross | 1926-2004 Swiss psychiatrist known for her work with dying patients and her proposed theory of five stages of dying |
| embryo | name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization |
| embryonic period | the period from 2-8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop |
| erik erikson | 1902-1994; developmental psychologist trained in the methods of the psychoanalysis who proposed a theory of personality development based on a series of emotional crises |
| fertilization | the union of the ovum and sperm |
| fetal period | the time from about 8 weeks until the birth of the child |
| fetus | name for the developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby |
| formal operational stage | piaget's last stage of cognitive development in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking |
| gender | the behavior associated with being male or female |
| gender identity | perception of one's gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender |
| gene | section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements |
| generativity vs. stagnation | seventh stage of Erikson model of personality development in which the crisis involves providing guidance to one's children or the next generation, contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work or developing a sense of stagnation |
| genetics | the science of inherited traits |
| germinal period | first 2 weeks after fertiliztion, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining |
| holophrases | single word utterances seen universally int he stages of language development |
| human development | the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age,from conception until death |
| identity vs. role confusion | fifth stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find consistent sense of self |
| imaginary audience | type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent's thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are |
| industry vs. inferiority | fourth stage of personality development in which the adolescent strives for a sense of competence and self-esteem |
| initiative vs. guilt | third stage of personality development in which the preschool-aged child strives for emotional and psychological independence, and attempts to satisfy curiosity about the world |
| intimacy vs. isolation | sixth stage of erikson's model of personality development in which an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one's sense is developed |
| irreversibility | in piaget's theory, the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action |
| jean piaget | 1896-1980; swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of cognitive development based on the concept of mental operations |
| lawrence kohlberg | 1927-1987; developmental psychologist kown for his theory on the development of moral reasoning |
| lev vygotsky | 1896-1934; russian developmental psychologist who emphasized the role of the social environment on cognitive development and proposed the idea of zones of proximal development |
| longitudinal design | research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time |
| menopause | the cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman's reproductive capability |
| monozygotic twins | identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate mass of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo |
| nature | the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth and social interactions |
| nurture | the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions |
| object permanence | the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight |
| ovum | the female sex cell, or egg |
| permissive | parenting style in which the parents puts very few demands on the child for behavior |
| permissive indulgent | permissive parenting style in which the parents seem to be too involved with their children, allowing them to act any way they wish |
| permissive neglectful | permissive parenting style in which the parents are not involved with their children |
| personal fable | type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm |
| polygenic inheritance | a trait or characteristic that is determined by more than one gene pair |
| post-conventional morality | their level of kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided upon by the individual and which may be in disagreement with the accepted social norms |
| pre-conventional morality | first level of kohlbeg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior |
| preoperational stage | piaget's second stage of cognitive development in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world |
| puberty | the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak |
| recessive gene | referring to gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene |
| scaffolding | process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable |
| scheme | a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events |
| sensorimotor stage | piaget's first stage of cognitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment |
| telegraphic speech | type of speech in words are left out of a sentence but the meaning of the sentence remains |
| temperament | the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as easy, difficult, and slow to warm up |
| teratogen | any factor that can cause a birth defect |
| trust vs. mistrust | first stage of personality development in which the infants basic sense of trust or mistrust develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care |
| zone of proximal development (zpd) | vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a more skilled teacher |
| zygote | cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm |
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