Nutrition exam 2
About this set
Created by:
erikamumm12 on October 11, 2011
Description:
covers:
vitamins
diabetes
energy systems
hypogycemia
vegetarianism
food disorders
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171 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 what three main reasons do people mainly become vegetarian? | Health reasons Ethical/religious reasons ecologically sound |
| What types of vegetarians are there? | semi-vegetarian far-vegetarian lactovegetarian ovovegetarian strict-vegetarian/ vegan pescovegetarian macrobiotic vegetarian |
| What is a semi-vegetarian? | one who easts some but not all groups of animal products such as meat, poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, milk, and milk products are also known as quasi-vegetarian |
| What is a far vegetarian? | one who only eats red meat its the least restrictive form of a vegetarian diet |
| What is a Lactovegetarian? | one who allows milk and milk products but does not allow mean, poultry, fish, seafood, and eggs they have a possible limiting nutrient of iron |
| What is a possible limiting nutrient of a lactovegetarian? | iron |
| what is a lacto-ovovegetarian? | -allows milk and milk products and eggs -does NOT allow meat, poultry, or seafood -has a possible limiting nutrient of iron |
| what is an ovovegetarian? | -includes eggs in diet -excludes milk, milk products, meat, poultry, fish, and other seafood -has possible limiting nutrients of iron, vitamin D, calcium, and riboflavin |
| What are the 4 possible limiting nutrients of an ovovegetarian? | -iron -vitamin D -calcium -riboflavin |
| what is a pescovegetarian? | -includes fish in diet -excludes poultry, red meat, milk, milk products, and eggs -has possible limiting nutrients of iron, calcium, and riboflavin |
| What three possible limiting nutrients would a pescovegetarian have? | -iron -calcium -riboflavin |
| What is a macrobiotic diet? | -it falls between quasi-vegetarian and vegan -do not prohibit any specific foods -value organic foods grown locally -diet is based on food relationships to the emotional and physical conditions of the body |
| what is a VEGAN? | -exclude all animal derived foods, including meat, poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, milk/ milk products. |
| what are the 6 possible limiting nutrients for a vegan? | -iron -vitamin D -calcium -riboflavin -vitamin b12 -high-quality protein |
| What way could someone who is Vegan obtain adequate amounts of amino acicds? | They can get enough amino acids from a plant-based diet by using variety and eating complimentary proteins |
| What is a complimentary protein? | eating two foods that are each low in one essential amino acid and high in another to form a complete protein |
| what are some good examples of foods that form complimentary proteins? | -bean tacos> barley and dried beans -chili and cornbread> bulgar and dried lentils -peanut butter sandwich> whole grain breads and peanuts -hummus> dried beans and sesame seeds |
| What are three health benefits of being a vegetarian? | -higher in fiber (lower cholesterol and regularity) -richer in certain vitamins and minerals -lower in fat |
| What are some ways to eat vegetarian? | VARIETY food pyramid for vegans ADA guidlines for vegetarianism |
| Vegetarian diets are high in Neutraceuticals. What are they? | -Antioxidants and phytochemicals |
| What are phytochemicals? | -plant cell chemical compounds which have no nutritional value but may still influence various metabolic processes in the body (lycopene in tomatoes is known for reducing the risk of cancer) |
| What type of food condition is a hatred of a food that stems from a bad experience, usually from food poisoning? | Food Aversion |
| Which food condition is commonly inherited and starts a response in your digestive system when your body cannot break down a substance? | Food Intolerance |
| What is the most common type of food intolerance and what is the enzyme that is missing or not adequately made to break it down? | Lactose intolerance Lactase |
| Which food condition can you grow out of or develop later in your life? | Food Intolerance |
| Which food condition is caused by eating contaminated food by viral, bacterial, or chemical agents?....or a combination | Food poisonings |
| What is a common buffet food item to get food poisoning from? | sprouts |
| what type of viral food poisoning can you get in raw seafood and what is a common food? | hepatitis in oysters |
| what type of food condition is more common in childeren than in adults because you usually grow out of it? | food allergies |
| A food allergy or hypersensitivity is an abnormal response to a food that is triggered by what? | The immune system |
| What type of food condition tends to run in families and can be fatal or cause serious illness? | food allergies |
| What are some of the symptoms of an allergic reaction from food? | -mouth may tingle -lips may swell -cramps, upset stomach, diarrhea -itchy skin, red raised hives -stuffy nose, wheeze or shortness of breath -dizzy or lightheadedness |
| What is the most severe type of reaction and when does it usually start? | Anaphylaxis starts usually within an hour after eating |
| What are common foods that trigger an allergic reaction? | -usually a protein -kids: eggs, milk, fish, wheat, soy, nuts -rarely outgrow peanuts or fish but outgrow rest by 5 -adults: nuts, fish, shellfish |
| What are the two common foods that people normally dont outgrow? | fish, shellfish |
| What was the previous name for type 1 Diabetes and why has it changed? | formerly called insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus or juvenile onset diabetes -The name changed because it is now not the only type adhering to kids. Cases of type 2 are quickly rising in childeren. |
| What type of diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the body cannot control blood glucose levels by either a total, or partial lack of insulin? | Type 1 diabetes mellitus |
| What results when there is not enough insulin with someone who has diabetes mellitus? | Since insulin is a hormone regulating fat and CHO metabolism, a lack thereof can result in an inability to metabolize CHO, potentially impairing every body system. |
| What is a lifelong disease that affects the way your body uses food for energy and how does it develop? | Type 2 Diabetes -it develops when your pancreas cannot make enough insulin or if there is an excess of insulin that cannot be utilized correctly because of faulty insulin receptors. |
| Where is Insulin made? | in the pancreas on the beta cells in the islet of langerhaans |
| What are the roles of insulin | -hormone to allow body cells to use sugar in the form of glucose for energy -helps transport and store extra sugar, bringing down the level of glucose in the blood |
| Where does insulin help you store excess glucose? | in the muscle cells and liver |
| What are the first signs of diabetes? | drinking more peeing more |
| the buildup ofweak acids called ketones (products from the innefficient breakdown of fat) which upsets the body balance and brings on GI upset or heart attack is called what? | Ketoacidosis |
| What are some treatments/ preventative measures for diabetes? | healthy diet physical activity insulin injections/ blood glucose testing |
| why is exercise so important for diabetics? | exercise: -increases sensitivity to insulin, helping it take glucose out of the blood. -decreases risk of cardiovascular disease -decreases % of body fat ------losing 10% can decrease risk and take you out of a prediabetic state |
| What is another type of medication to take just before meals that delivers aerosolized insulin to the lungs just as effectively as a shot that can help control blood sugar in people with both types of diabetes? | an enhaler called Exubera |
| What exercise precautions should you take with those who have type 2 diabetes? | ACSM guidelines stay the same as the average Joe except that you monitor blood glucose BEFORE DURING AND AFTER exercise to see how the body responds to certain types of activities |
| Vitamin A is also known as what? What forms are they? Which one is more readily absorbed? | -Retinol( from an animal) -and Beta Carotene (from a plant) -Retinol is easier to absorb because we cannot break down plants as well as animal. |
| What vitamin is mostly found in liver, whole milk, fortified milk, cheese? | The retinol form of Vitamin A |
| What is the number one food source of retinol? | Liver |
| Which vitamin is found mostly in green leafy vegetables, sweet potatoes, vegetable oils, mango and cooked spinach? | The Beta carotene form of Vitamin A |
| What is the highest food source of beta carotene? | Sweet Potatoes |
| Which vitamin forms the visual purple for night vision, maitains epithelial tissue in skin and mucous membranes, and promotes bone development? | Vitamin A |
| Night blindness is the first sign of a deficiency in which vitamin, along with intestinal infections, impaired growth, and xeropthalmia (no tears)? | Vitamin A |
| If someone were to develop an orange tint to the palms of their hands and bottoms of their feet, what vitamin would you say they had an excess of? | vitamin A; beta carotene |
| Nausea, headache, fatigue, liver and spleen damage, skin peeling, and pain in the joints would indicate an excess consumption of which vitamin? | Vitamin A |
| What is the only nonessential vitamin? | Vitamin D |
| What is the only usable form of Vitamin D? | Cholecalciferol---> D3 |
| What is the number 1 food source to get Vitamin D from? | Fish oils |
| How can you make Vitamin D from sunlight? | -light hits skin and mixes with cholesterol -cholesterol converts to D3 -D3 binds to carrier protein in blood and goes to liver -liver changes D3 to 250H -250H goes to kidneys and is changed to calcitrol -calcitrol is the form the body can use |
| Which organ converts D3 to 250H? | the liver |
| Which organ converts 250H to the usable form of Calcitrol? | Kidneys |
| What vitamin works with the absorbtion of calcium and phosphorus to promote bone and tooth formation, as well as working with the immune system to kill germs? | Vitamin D |
| Which types of cancer can Vitamin D decrease your risk of? | Colon Prostate ovarian |
| why would kidney or liver disease impair the body's ability to use vitamin D? | because those are the two major organs that play a role in converting Vitamin D into the usable form. cant convert it=cant use it |
| Rickets in childeren, osteomalacia in adults, psychiatric and cognitive issues, are syptoms of deficiency in which vitamin? | Vitamin D |
| A deficiency in Vitamin D is rare because of fortified foods, but what type of people are at risk for deficiency and why? | Those in countries without a lot of sun or Arab countries where women are covered up because they lose the ability to make Vitamin D from sunlight |
| Why is it hard to become toxic with Vitamin D? | because the body only converts what it needs |
| Loss of appetite, nausea, irritability, joint pain, calcium deposits in soft tissues like the kidneys, are signs of excessive consumption of which vitamin? | Vitamin D |
| Which is the most potent fat soluble vitamin? | Vitamin E |
| Vitamin E is also known as what? | tocopherol |
| how many types of Vitamin E/ tocopherol are there in the body in minute quantities? | 8 |
| Vegetable oil/ olive oil, and sunflower seeds are the best food sources of what vitamin? This also includes margarine, green leafy vegetables, wheat germ, whole grain products, egg yolks, hazelnuts, almonds, mango, kiwi, and asparagus. | Vitamin E |
| Which vitamin functions as an antioxidant to protect cell membranes from destruction by oxidation and kills free radicals? | Vitamin E |
| Where all is Vitamin E stored | liver fat uterus testes heart muscles adrenal glands pituitary glands |
| An extremely rare deficiency in what vitamin can lead to disruption of red blood cell membranes or anemia? | Vitamin E |
| Mega doses of vitamin E can cause excess symptoms of: | headache fatigue diarrhea |
| What vitamin is high in foods like pork, beef liver, eggs, spinach, cauliflower, mustard greens, and ESPECIALLY kale? | Vitamin K |
| Which vitamin is formed in the human intestine by bacteria, especially with probiotics present? | Vitamin K |
| Which vitamin is essential for blood coagulation processes, and makes thrombin and prothrombin work | Vitamin K |
| a rare deficiency in which vitamin can cause increased bleeding and hemorrhage? | Vitamin K |
| An excess of which vitamin can cause possible clot formation or thrombosis, and vomiting? | Vitamin K |
| Vitamin B1 is also known as what? | Thiamin |
| Pork, oatmeal, and sunflowerseeds are the top three food sources of which vitamin? other foods being lean meat, liver, whole grain products, enriched breads and cereals, legumes, peanuts, and soy beans. | B1/ Thiamin |
| Which Vitamin serves as a coenzyme for energy production from CHO, aids in emotional balance, and helps prevent heart disease and cancer? | B1/ Thiamin |
| Which vitamin is essential for normal CNS functioning? | B1/ Thiamin |
| Poor appetite, apathy, mental depression, pain in calf muscles, and a neurological disease that causes fatigue and lethargy called BeriBeri is a common deficiency in which vitamin? | B1/ Thiamin |
| Which vitamin toxicity is rare unless they are a malnutritioned alcoholic? | B1/ Thiamin |
| What is vitamin B2 also known as? | Riboflavin |
| Chicken liver and squid are extremely high food sources of what? followed by milk and dairy products, organ meats, eggs, enriched grain products, green leafy vegetables, beans, yeast, mushrooms, wheat germ. | B2/ riboflavin |
| Which vitamin is destroyed by light? | B2/ Riboflavin |
| Which vitamin is decreased by heat/ cooking? | B1/ Thiamin |
| Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme of energy production from carbs and fat, as well as maintenace of healthy skin, eye, and nerves? | B2/ riboflavin |
| Someone with severe dermatitis, cracks at the corners of the mouth, sores on the toungue, or damage ro the cornea are seen in people deficient in which vitamin? | B2/ Riboflavin |
| What type of people usually have deficiencies in B2/ Riboflavin? | drug abusers anorexic people those with low fat diets |
| Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme for the aerobic and anaerobic production of energy from carbs? | B3/ Niacin |
| Which vitamin helps synthesize fat, converts pyruvate to lactate, and blocks free fatty acids? | B3/ Niacin |
| Which vitamin is needed for healthy skin, eyes, hair, and GI tract; helps heal wounds, lowers LDL and increases HDL | B3/ Niacin |
| Vitamin B3 is also known as what? | Niacin |
| Which vitamin is found in foods like lean meats, fish, poultry, whole grain products, beans, eggs, salmon, beef and broccoli? | B3/ Niacin |
| Which vitamin may be formed in the body from tryptophan, an essential amino acid? | B3/ niacin |
| A deficiency in which vitamin results in a loss of appetite, weakness, skin lesions, GI problems, Pellagra (red neck), mental confusion, sore mouth and toungue? | B3/ Niacin |
| Excess in which vitamin causes headache, nausea, burning or itching skin, flushing of the face, and liver damage? | B3/ Niacin |
| B9 is also known as what three names? | Folate folic acid the pregnancy vitamin |
| Which vitamin is the only one that is more stable in supplement form | Folate/ b9 |
| Swiss Chard, asparagus, avocado, garbanzo beans, beef and chicken liver are all high food sources of which vitamin? | Folate/ b9 |
| Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme for DNA formation and RBC development; closes the spinal cord in fetus, lowers cancer risk, healthy sperm for men | Folate/ B9 |
| Fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhea, anemia, low white blood cell counts, neural tube defects in newborns, spinal bifida: spinal cord does not close in the fetus are deficiency symptoms of which vitamin? | Folate/ B9 |
| A deficiency in which vitamin may prevent detection of pernicious anemia caused by B12 deficiency | Folate/ B9 |
| Which vitamin is found in alot of protein foods like liver, lean meats, fish, poultry, legumes, and green leafy vegetables baked potatoes, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, garbanzo beans, seeds, and nuts? | B6 |
| Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme in protein metabolism and is necessary for formation of hemoglobin, and red blood cells, is necessary for glyconeogenesis and gluconeogenesis, as well as makes up the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, nor/epinepherine? | B6 |
| a deficiency in this vitamin will make you nervous, irritability, convulsions, dermatitis, sores on tongue, anemia, fatigue, insomnia, seizers, decrease in oxygen to tissues, and it puts you more at risk for kidney stones. | B6 |
| Without this vitamin, you cannot make your essential amino acids, you must eat them | B6 |
| What would an excess of vitamin B6 cause? | loss of nerve sensations and impaired gait |
| B12 is known for containing what? | cobalt |
| Which vitamin is found in ONLY animal food sources like meat, fish, poultry, milk, eggs, and especially oysters, clams, and crab | B12 |
| Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme for formation of DNA, RBC development, and maintenance of nerve tissue; used to treat fatigue and depression; helps metabolize folate | B12 |
| Which vitamin deficiency causes Pernicious Anemia, nerve damage resulting in paralysis, and puts you at risk for esophageal cancer? | B12 |
| What is Pernicious Anemia? | lack of red blood cells then there is not enough intrisic factor made in the gut, resulting in malabsorption of B12 |
| Biotin is also known as what? | B7 |
| Which vitamin is found in most organ meats, brewers yeast, milk, egg yolk, whole grain products, and most vegetables? | Biotin |
| Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme in the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins; helps manufacture genes and DNA, and helps make insulin? | Biotin |
| Where is the vitamin Biotin made and by what? | In the large intestine by bacteria, meaning it cannot be absorbed because it is past the small intestine which absorbs nutrients |
| Deficiency symptoms like fatigue, nausea, skin rashes, hair loss and brittle nails are caused by a lack in which vitamin and may be caused by excessive intake of raw egg whites? | Biotin |
| Beef and pork liver, lean meats, milk, eggs, legumes, whole grain products, most veggies, and sunflower seeds are high food sources of which vitimin? | Pantothenic Acid |
| which vitamin functions as part of coenzyme A in energy metabolism, helps make the adrenal hormones, and RBC | Pantothenic acid |
| a deficiency in which vitamin causes fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, mental depression, and pins and needles in the feet | Pantothenic Acid |
| What nutrient do we consider to be a vitamin like compound and not truly a vitamin? | Choline |
| Vitamin C is also known as: | Ascorbic Acid |
| Which vitamin is found in foods such as milk, liver, eggs, peanuts, EGG YOLK; and is found in most foods as a part of a cell membrane? | Choline |
| Which vitamin is found in green bell peppers, strawberries, citrus fruits (papaya), green leafy vegetables, broccoli, potatoes, and fortified foods? | Vitamin C/ Ascorbic acid |
| which vitamin functions as a precursor for lecithin, a phospholipids in cell membranes? | Choline |
| which vitamin is required by every cell because it is a building block of acetocholine? | choline |
| Where in the body is choline produced? | in the cells |
| Which vitamin forms collagen essential for connective tissue development; aids in absorption of iron; helps form epi; | Vitamin C/ ascorbic acid |
| Which vitamin is the most potent water soluble antioxidant, reducing your risk of diabetes and protects your DNA? | Vitamin C/ Ascorbic acid |
| Deficiency in choline can result in what? | liver damage DEATH |
| Bleeding gums, weakness, rough skin, slow wound healing, scurvy, fractures, and diarrhea are all deficiency symptoms of what vitamin? | Vitamin C/ ascorbic Acid |
| Excessive amounts of this vitamin can cause diarrhea, kidney stones, rebound scurvy, UTI, bloot clots, and bladder stones. | Vitamin C/ Ascorbic Acid |
| Excessive amounts of this May lead to fishy body odor, gastrointestinal distress, vomiting, and low blood pressure. | Choline |
| _________ is a chemical substance that performs specific functions in the body | Vitamin |
| How many vitamins are there and how many are essential? | 13 12 are essential |
| What is the main function of vitamins? | aiding in engery yeilding reactions but does NOT provide energy and uses no calories |
| Where are vitamins absorbed? | the small intestine |
| What system is used to transport vitamins? | the lymph system; NOT the bloodstream |
| What association plays "watchdog" on vitamins if there is a complaint since supplements arent regulated by anyone? | USPA: United States Pharmeceutical Association |
| What are three factors that decide how and when the body will use a vitamin? | 1) Time of transit/ speed of digestion 2) Method of preparation 3) Foods that vitamins are consumed with |
| What are some ways of food preparation to help conserve the most nutrients? | -keep fruits and veggies cool -eat as soon as picked off vine -refrigerate in moisture-proof container -avoid cutting/ trimming until ready to eat (more surface area exposed, more nutrients lost -steam quickly -expose to less water -minimize reheating -add fat/ butter after you cook fat soluble vitamins |
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? where are they usually found/ stored? | -ADEK -found in fatty foods -stored in the liver, fat cells |
| What disease inhibits fat soluble vitamins because your body makes too much mucous in the digestive tract that invades the pancreas and hinders enzymes so you cannot absorb fat easily? | Cystic Fibrosis |
| Which disease inhibits fat soluble vitamins because of an allergic reaction to the gluten protein, destroying villi when you eat it, hampering absorbtion? | Celiac Disease |
| Which disease inhibits fat soluble vitamins because there is an inflammation of the digestive tract in the villi of the ileum, hampering absorbtion? | Chron's Disease |
| What substance is used as the fake fat in pringles and prevents the body from absorbing fat; sometimes prescribed for extreme weight loss | Orlistat/ Xenical |
| Which vitamin plays an essential role in cellular respiration and phospholoryation? | Vitamin E/ tocopherol |
| Which vitamin increases your endurance when working in aerobic metabolism? | Vitamin E/ tocopherol |
| What is the only water soluble vitamin that can be stored? | B12 |
| flavin means what in latin? | yellow |
| What vitamin helps produce vitamins B3/ niacin and B6? | B2/ riboflavin |
| What is the italian word for folage? | folate......remember its in most leafy greens |
| Which vitamin works along with b vitamins to protect your adrenal glands from long term stress? | Vitamin C/ Ascorbic acid |
| What is Hypoglycemia? | an Abnormally low blood sugar reading of less than 40 |
| What is a normal blood sugar reading? | 100 |
| What is the best way to avoid hypoglycemia? | eat every 2-3 hours; low glycemic carbs |
| What type of hypoglycemia is the most unusual that the doctor gets concerned about? | "post prandial" or after you sleep |
| Fasting hypoglycemia is what? | the most common type that people suffer from: no food means no blood sugar |
| Which type of hypoglycemia is from a glandular or organ caused problem? | reactive hypoglycemia |
| What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia? | grumpy, irratable, cant concentrate, mood swings, nausea, fatigue, poor coordination, paleness, headaches |
| Carbo-loading is also known as what? | glycogen supercompensation |
| How many g/cals can we store in the entire body? | 500/2000 |
| Carbo-loading is getting as much glycogen stored in the muscles and liver before an event to prolong fatigue. what are some of the advantages? disadvantages? | -prolong endurance events, delay fatigue, increase performance -bloating, GI upset especially in women, those with more body weight, UT athletes. |
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