1.
"Protectorate": The rule of Cromwell from 1653-1658 in England that constituted military dictatorship.
2.
absolutism: When the sovereignty is embodied in the person of the ruler. Rulers claimed to have the divine right to rule, meaning they were responsible to God alone but they still had to obey their own laws. It regulated religious sects, controlled competeing jurisdictions, and limited power of certain areas, groups, or provinces, especially the nobles.
3.
Cardinal Richelieu: President of the council of France. Strong influence over King Louis XIII. Believed in total subordination of everyone to the monarchy. Called for intendants. Created foreign policy that would help destroy Habsburgs. Started French Academy. Succeeded by Mazarin.
4.
Charles I: King of Spain AKA Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
5.
Charles II: King of Spain who left his territory to Philip of Anjou, Louis XIV's grandson but stipulated that he couldn't unite Spain with France.
6.
commonwealth: Area ruled by republicanism.
7.
Constitutionalism: The limitation of government by law that implies a balance between the authority and power of the government and the rights and liberties of the subjects.. Used by England and Holland. The constitution may be written or unwritten. It is the protector of the people's rights liberties and property.
8.
Duke of Sully: Protestant chief minister of Henry IV. Combined indirect taxes on salt, sales, and transit. Supported overseas trade and funded the Company for Trade with the Indies. Started a country-wide highway system.
9.
Edict of Nantes: ("Law of Concord") Intended to be temporary to provide religious toleration in order to secure the "religious and civil concord" or the confessional reunification of all French people under Roman Catholicism. Granted 150 towns the right to practice Calvinism but was ended by Louis XIII who saw it as political disobedience.
10.
French Academy: Formed in 1635 under Cardinal Richelieu. A prestigious society of philologists who were interested in grammar and rhetoric were recognized by the government. Made a dictionary that standardized the French language that was completed in 1694.
11.
French Classicism: Return to humanism in the arts. Exemplified by Nicholas Poussin, painter; logic and order but not necessarily realistic paintings. Music: Jean-Baptiste Lully. More lively and animated but with restraint. Drama: Moliere and Racine. based on Roman and Greek legends.
12.
Fronde: Civil wars from 1648 to 1653 in reaction to Louis XIV's and Cardinal Jules Mazarin's attempts to increase royal revenues. Originated from the provinces. Mostly nobles who resented their loss of power. Results: 1) France has to compromise with nobles 2) France's economy was badly disrupted 3) Traumatic effect on Louis XIV
13.
generalites: 32 districts that divided France, each with a royal intendant
14.
Henry IV: (aka Henry of Navarre) Inherited France after civil war. Loved by his people: "Henry the Great." Converted to Catholicism. Issued Edict of Nantes in 1598. Hired Maximilien de Bethune, duke of Sully as his chief minister.
15.
intendants: 1 per generalite. Performed specific tasks (financial, judicial, and policing). Delivered royal orders to their generalites from the capital. Appointed directly by the monarch and couldn't be natives of their own generalite. Recruited men for the army, supervised the collection of taxes, presided over the administration of local law, checked up on the local nobility, and regulated economic activities.
16.
Jean Martinet: Directed French armed forces. Made army have absolute adherence to the rules, very obedient.
17.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert: (1619-1683) Controller of France's finances. Applied mercantilism; supported old and new industries to make France more self-sufficient. Created guilds, made system of state inspection and regulation, encouraged foreign craftsmen to come to France, built roads and canals, improved merchant marine, and wanted to acquire Canada for its resources. All worked but the taxes were on the poor who couldn't pay them.
18.
King Louis XIV: (1643-1715) Created Versailles to keep eye on nobles. Embodied French absolutism. Lived lavishly. All of his successors died of implied incest-caused diseases.
19.
La Rochelle: King Louis XIII decided to attack this port because it was a major commercial center with strong ties to the northern Protestant states of Holland and England. It fell in October 1628. Result: Protestants retained right to worship publically but the Catholic liturgy was reinstated.
20.
Louis XIII of France: Successor of Henry IV but dominated by Marie de' Medici since he was a kid. Influenced by Cardinal Richelieu.
21.
Mazarin: His attempts to increase royal revenues led to the Fronde. Succeeded Richelieu.
22.
mercantilism: Governmental policies for the regulation of economic activities, especially commercial ones. Import more than you export and become self-sufficient.
23.
Navigation Acts (1651): Required that English goods be transported on English ships and was a great boost to the development of an English merchant marine but brought about a (successful) war with the Dutch.
24.
Olivares: Thought Spain's economy could be fixed by imperialism. Led to war with the Dutch and then the Thirty Years' War.
25.
Oliver Cromwell: Controlled the standing English army. Had military dictatorship. Lord protector, "Protectorate". Divided England into 12 military districts with a major general. Favored toleration.Welcomed Jews because of their skills. Regulated nation's economy. Enforced Navigation Act in 1651. Military government ended when he died.
26.
paulette: An annual fee paid by royal officials in France to guarantee heredity in their offices. Introduced by Henry IV and used from 1602 to 1604.
27.
Peace of Utrecht (1713): France gave up territories to England. Philip became 1st Bourbon king of Spain. Ended Spain's era of great power. Expanded British Empire. Gave European powers experience in international cooperation. Marked end of French expansionism.
28.
Philip III: King of Spain. His "only virtue appeared to reside in the total absence of vice" and gave the duties of being king to duke of Lerma who used it to his personal advantage
29.
Puritans: Believed the Reformation hadn't gone far enough and wanted to "purify" it of all things Roman Catholic. Wanted to abolish bishops in the Church of England.
30.
quixotic: Comes from the novel Don Quixote by Cervantes about Spanish society where main character lives in a world of dreams. The word in English means "idealistic but impractical" and embodies 17th century Spain.
31.
republicanism: Legislative power lies in the Parliament and executive power resides in a council of state.
32.
sovereignty: A state that has a monopoly over the instruments of justice; state courts have no competition, a strong state army, and universal laws that applied to everyone.
33.
totalitarianism: A system of government developed in the 20th century in which its main goal is to direct all facets of a state's culture- art, education, religion, the economy, and politics- in the interests of the state. Total regulation.
34.
Triennial Act: 1641. Compelled the king to summon Parliament every 3 years.
35.
Versailles: Palace created by and for Louis XIV so that he could keep an eye on the nobles and limit their power as well as live lavishly.
36.
War of the Spanish Succession: Louis wanted Philip of Anjou to unite the French and Spanish powers but Charles II stated that Philip could only get Spain's throne if he gave up his claim to France's throne. Louis did not agree to that and disregarded it. The Dutch, English, Austrians, and Prussians formed Grand Alliance and crushed Louis. Concluded with Peace of Utrecht in 1713.
