5 Written Questions

1. -when natural selection leads to an entirely new species
2. -variety in genetic material within a species or population
   -allows life to adapt and survive dramatic environmental changes
3. -field research: going into nature directly
   -laboratory research: going into lab
   -using models to simulate ecosystems
4. -fermentation
   -end products are methane gas, ethyl alcohol, and hydrogen sulfide
5. -variety of terrestrial/aquatic ecosystems found on earth
   -each is a storehouse of genetic and species diversity

5 Matching Questions

1. Biological Evolution
2. Limits to Natural Selection
3. Nitrogen Cycle
4. Aerobic Respiration
5. Hydrosphere

1. a -specialized bacteria in soil/water combine gaseous N2 with hydrogen to make ammonia
   -use some ammonia as nutrient and the rest is waste that's converted to ammonium ions that more plants can use as nutrients
   -left over ammonia goes through nitrification (soil bacteria converts ammonia and ions into nitrate ions for plants to take)
   -plants produce amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamins
   -animals get them and take them back to the environment through waste/tissue particles/decomposing
2. b -uses oxygen to convert glucose back into carbon dioxide and water
3. c -a change in environmental conditions can lead to an adaptation only for genetic traits already present in a population's gene pool or for traits resulting from mutations
   -even if a beneficial heritable trait is present in a population, its ability to adapt may be limited by reproductive capacity
4. d -consists of all water on/near earth's surface
   -found as water vapor in atmosphere, liquid water on surface/underground, and ice (polar ice, icebergs, glaciers, permafrost)
5. e -the process whereby earth's life changes over time through changes in the genetic characteristics of populations

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. -the variety of the earth's species
   -the genes they contain
   -the ecosystems in which they live
   -the ecosystem processes of energy flow and nutrient cycling that sustain life
   1. Primary Consumers
   2. 3 Major Processes of Water Cycle
   3. 4 Major Components of Biodiversity
   4. Detritus Feeders
2. -variety of processes like energy flow or matter cycling that occur within ecosystems as species interact with one another in food chains/webs
   1. Functional Diversity
   2. Species Diversity
   3. Keystone Species
   4. Ecological Diversity
3. -consists of all parts of atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere where life is found
   1. Biosphere
   2. Biomes
   3. Producer
   4. Troposphere
4. -species found in only one area
   -more vulnerable because they're less likely to be able to survive if pushed out of usual habitat
   1. Endemic Species
   2. Specialist Species
   3. Trophic Level
   4. Native Species
5. -broad niche
   -have advantage when environmental conditions are rapidly changing
   1. Foundation Species
   2. Nonnative Species
   3. Generalist Species
   4. Endemic Species

5 True/False Questions

1. Decomposer → -thin spherical envelope of gases surrounding earth's surface

   True        False

2. Mutation → -random changes in DNA molecules of a gene in any cell that can be inherited by offspring
   -first step in development of genetic variability (variety of genetic makeup of individuals in a population)

   True        False

3. Three Factors That Sustain Life → -extinction occurring at a low rate
   -average annual background extinction rate is 1-5 species for each million species on earth

   True        False

4. Biomes → -large regions with distinct climates and certain species adapted to them
   -i.e. forests, deserts, grasslands

   True        False

5. Native Species → -species that migrate into or are deliberately/accidentally introduced into an ecosystem
   -have few predators upon introduction, can overtake an ecosystem

   True        False