| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Textile Industry | Industry where the Industrial Revolution began |
| Cottage Industry (within their dwellings) | Where workers made cloth before the Industrial Revolurtion |
| Rivers, Streams | Factories were located next to these. |
| Factories | Where workers worked, after the Industrial Revolution began. |
| Cotton Gin | Cotton-cleaning machine that dramatically increased cotton production |
| Flying Shuttle | Weaving machine invented in 1733 that doubled a weaver's daily output |
| Spinning Jenny | Spinning machine of 1764 named after the inventor's daughter |
| James Watt | Scottish engineer who improved the steam engine |
| Steam | This replaced water as the major source of power. |
| Eli Whitney | American inventor of the cotton-cleaning machine |
| Mass Production | Manufacture of standard good in large quantities |
| Interchangeable Parts | Parts that fit any example of a particular product |
| Henry Bessemer | Englishman who found how to make steel from iron |
| Steel | Material that replaced iron in machines |
| Coal | Material that replaced charcoal for smelting iron |
| Cyrus McCormick | American inventor of the mechanical reaper |
| Enclosure System | Fencing off of formerly common land in England |
| John Key | Inventor of the weaving machine |
| James Hargreaves | Inventor of the spinning machine |
| Thomas Newcomen | English engineer who developed the first practical steam engine |
| Richard Arkwright | English inventor of the water frame for spinning |
| Power Loom | Weaving machine invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785 |
| Steam | Type of power that replaced wind on ships |
| Robert Fulton | American developer of the first successful steamboat |
| Canals | Waterways built to connect cities and rivers |
| Barges | Flat-bottomed boat used on canals |
| Railroads | The Industrial Revolution's chief means of land transportation |
| Morse Code | Morse's system of dots and dashes |
| Samuel Morse | American who developed the telegraph |
| Macadam Roads | Improved roads developed by the Scot John McAdam |
| Locks | Devices that control the level of water in canals |
| Clermont | Fulton's famous steamboat |
| Telegraph | Invention that sent electrical impulses over wire |
| Cables | Heavily insulated communications wires laid underwater |
| Raw Materials, Finished Goods | Improved transportation was necessary to move these items |
| Horse, Cart | Chief means of land transportation before the Industrial Revolution |
| Locomotives | Steam engines on wheels that ran on rails |
| Automobile | New form of personal transportation that first hit the roads in the late 1800s |
| Great Western | Steamboat that crossed the Atlantic in 1838 |
| George Stephenson | English engineer who won a locomotive-building contest |
| Rocket | Speedy locomotive that started an English railroad-building boom |
| Alessandro Volta | Italian who built the first electric battery |
| Cyrus Field | American responsible for laying the trans-Atlantic cable |
| Michael Faraday | Englishman who produced electricity with a magnet |
| Middle Class | Class that increased and gained political power during the Industrial Revolution |
| Proletariat (Industrial Working Class) | Class created by the Industrial Revolution |
| Children | Group of society that had to work along with adults |
| Cities | Centers of population that grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution |
| Going to school and playing | Working-class children had no time for either of these two activities. |
| Population Growth | Increase in the number of people |
| Noisy, Dirty, Dangerous, Uncomfortable | Working conditions in factories |
| Women, Children | Workers who were paid lower wages |
| Their Labor | What the Proletariat had to sell in order to live |
| Farm Workers ( Self-employed Workers ) | Type of worker that decreased |
| Managers | New groups that ran the factories, neither owners nor laborers |
| Move their homes | Workers often had to do this to be near the factories. |
| Unskilled Labor | Type of labor most in demand at factories |
| Unemployment | Great fear of urban factory workers |
| Polluted | Condition of air and water in cities |
| Aristocracy | Social class that lost power as the Industrial Revolution continued |
| Factories | Cities grew around these. |
| 12 - 16 Hours | Average length of the industrial working day |
| 6 - 7 Days | Normal length of the Industrial working week |
| Tenements | Buildings that housed many people |
| Capitalists | People who owned the means of production |
| Child Labor | Type of labor limited by early reform laws |
| Trade Unions | Workers' associations allowed in England after 1824 |
| Strikes | Refusals to work in order to gain demands |
| Charles Dickens | Famous English novelist who described the terrible working conditions |
| 10 Hours | New, shorter workday for textile mills |
| Collective Bargaining | Negotiating by unions and management |
| Cheap Factory Goods | Living standards improved when these became available to workers. |
| Aristocracy | Social class that supported factory workers against owners |
| Socialism | System in which the public owed the means of production |
| Utopian Socialists | Socialists who designed model communities |
| Robert Owen | Welsh socialist who established a utopian community for his factory workers |
| Karl Marx | Developer of "scientific socialism" |
| The Communist Manifesto | Marx's famous pamphlet |
| Bourgeoisie, Proletariats | Groups that were in opposition under capitalism, according to Marx |
| Laissez-Faire | Economic theory meaning "let do" favored by business owners |
| Thomas Malthus | Englishman who wrote about increasing population |
| David Ricardo | English businessman who wrote that working class poverty was unavoidable |
| John Stuart Mill | English philosopher who wrote that a government should promote social welfare |
| New Lanark | Owen's utopian factory community in Scotland |
| Friedrich Engels | Marx's co-author |
| Das Kapital | Marx's study of capitalism |
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