anatomy test 2 - skeletal, muscular
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Created by:
lesmoineaux on October 12, 2011
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180 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 3 parts of axial skeleton | skull, vertebral column, bony thorax |
| provides support for skeleton, protects spinal cord, 24 single bones called vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs | vertebral column |
| # of cervical vertebrae | 7 |
| # of thoracic vertebrae | 12 |
| # of lumbar vertebrae | 5 |
| # of fused vertebrae in sacrum | 5 |
| # of fused vertebrae in coccyx | 3-4 |
| cervical/lumbar curvature (in) | lordosis |
| thoracic curvature (out) | kyphosis |
| what makes up the vertebral arch | pedicle and lamina |
| zygapophysial joint | joint formed by superior articular facet and inferior articular facets joining |
| where the spinal cord goes through | vertebral foramen |
| where spinal nerves exit through | intervertebral foramen |
| inside proportion of disc, gelatinous | nucleus pulposus |
| outer fibers of disc that provides strength to disc | annulus fibrosus |
| motions allowed by cervical vertebrae | flexion-look down, extension-look up, rotation-side to side, lateral flexion-ear to shoulder |
| region of spine with greatest range of motion | cervical |
| vertebrae with largest spinous process | c7 |
| thoracic range of motion | trunk rotation, lateral flexion |
| atypical thoracic vertebrae | t1, t9, t10, t11, t12 |
| lumbar range of motion | flexion-bending forward, extension-back bend, lateral flexion-side bend |
| anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) | runs down the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies |
| posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) | runs down the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies |
| interspinous ligament | runs from spinous process to spinous process, one segment at a time |
| supraspinous ligament | runs from spinous process to spinous process, multiple segments at a time |
| ligamenta flava | runs from anterior vertebral arch of the superior segment to the lamina of the inferior vertebral segment |
| intertransverse ligament | runs from transverse process to transverse process |
| What is the pelvis made of | Illium, ischium, pubis |
| Part of the pelvis that is large and flaring, major portion of os coxae, connects posteriorly with sacrum on auricular surface (sacroiliac joint) | Ilium |
| The sit down bone, it's tuberosity recieves weight of body when sitting | Ischium |
| Most anterior portion of the pelvic girdle | Pubis |
| Deep, hemispherical socket, femur joint | Acetabulum |
| Bony thorax | Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae |
| Sternum | Manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process |
| Articulates with clavicle medially | Manubrium |
| Bulk of the sternum, articulates with the costal cartilage | Sternal body |
| Inferior aspect of the sternum | Xiphoid process |
| Curve downward and anterior | Ribs |
| Where do ribs begin | Begin at the first thoracic vertebrae and ends at twelveth thoracic vertebrae |
| True ribs-attach directly to the sternum with own cartilage | Vertebrosternal ribs (1-7) |
| Attach to the sternum indirectly or lack a sternal attachment | False ribs (8-12) |
| Connects with the clavicle, superior to the coracoid | Acromion |
| Serves as an attachment for some of the major upper limb muscles | Coracoid |
| What muscle is located at the supraspinous fossa | Supraspinatus |
| What muscle is located at the subscapular fossa | Subscapularis |
| What muscle is located at the infraspinous fossa | Infraspinatus |
| Articulates with the sternal manubrium, large in size | Sternal end (medial) |
| Articulates with the acromion of the scapula, flat | Acromial end (lateral) |
| Located on posterior inferior surface, helps determine if you are looking at left or right clavicle | Coniod tubercle |
| Two divisions of the skull | Cranial vault and floor |
| Forms the superior, lateral, and posterior walls of the skull | Cranial vault |
| Forms the bottom of the skull | Cranial floor |
| Three distinct concavities of the cranial floor | Three distinct concavities: the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae |
| How many bones construct the cranium | 8: 2 paired, 6 singular |
| Upper extremity consists of what bone | Humerus |
| What does the humeral head articulate with | Glenoid cavity of the scapula |
| Attachment of deltoid muscle, lateral and mid shaft | Deltoid tubercle |
| Articulates with the ulna, seen anteriorly and posteriorly | Trochlea condyle |
| Articulates with the radius, laterally located, only seen anteriorly | Capitulum condyle |
| Between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus | Intertubular sulcus |
| Laterally located in anatomical position, two important landmarks: styloid process, ulnar notch | Radius |
| Below head of bone, located medially, serves as attachment for bicep muscle | Radial tuberosity |
| Wrist ligaments attach here, laterally located | Radial styloid process |
| Articulation with ulna | Radial ulnar notch |
| Medial bone of forearm | Ulna |
| Ulna - olecranon process (proximal) and coronoid process separated by what | Trochlea notch |
| How many carpals per hand | 8 |
| Proximal row of carpals | Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform |
| Distal row of carpals | Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate |
| What's carpals articulate with the distal end of the radius | Scaphoid and lunate |
| What part of the metacarpals articulate with the carpals | Metacarpal base |
| What part of the metacarpals articulate with the phalanges | Metacarpal heads |
| How are metacarpal phalanges numbered | 1-5 from the thumb |
| Each finger has three phalanges called what | Proximal, middle, distal |
| What phalanges does the thumb have | Proximal and distal |
| what type of muscle is primarily responsible for a movement | prime mover/agonist |
| what type of muscle opposes or reverses a movement | antagonist |
| what type of muscle assists a prime mover | synergist |
| what type of muscle is a specialized synergist that stabilizes a joint so the prime movers can act more efficiently on the insertion | fixator |
| where a muscle is attached to, but cannot produce motion | origin |
| where a muscle inserts/attaches, can produce motion | insertion |
| movement of foot and toes towards knee | dorsi flexion |
| movement of toes towards gound | plantar flexion |
| when the lower leg/knee is kicked out | knee extension |
| when the lower leg/knee is brought to the butt | knee flexion |
| movement towards the center | adduction |
| movement away from midline | abduction |
| when you bend forward | lumbar flexion |
| when you arch your back | lumbar extension |
| when you move your arm up above head from sides | shoulder abduction |
| when you move your arm in | shoulder adduction |
| when you move your arm up in front of you above your head from side | shoulder flexion |
| when you move your arm behind you | shoulder hyperextension |
| holding soup | supination |
| dump soup | pronation |
| pec major (AOIN) | A: adducts, medially rotates, flexes arm, O: Clavicle, Sternum, cartilage of ribs 1-6, I: intertubercular sulcus of humerus, N: medial and lateral pec nerves |
| serratus anterior (AOI) | A: protracts and hold scapula against chest, rotates scapula, O: lateral ribs 1-8, I: vertebral border of scapula |
| deltoid (AOIN) | A: arm abduction, can aid in flexion and extension depending on fibers, O: lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion, scapular spine, I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus, N: axillary nerve |
| pec minor (AOIN) | A: draws scapula forward and inferior, draws rib cage superior, O: anterior surface of ribs 3-5, near costal cartilage, I: coracoid process of scapula, N: medial pectoral nerve |
| rectus abdominus (6 pack) (AOI) | A: flexes/rotates vertebral column, O: pubic crest and symphysis, I: xiphoid process, costal cartilage of ribs 5-7 |
| external oblique (AOI) | A: compression of abdominal wall, trunk rotation, lateral flexion, flexes/rotates vertebral column, O: anterior surface of 8th rib, I: linea alba, pubic crest/tubercle, iliac crest |
| internal oblique (AOIN) | A: compression of abdominal wall, trunk rotation, lateral flexion, flexes/rotates vertebral column, O: Linea alba, pubic crest, costal cartilage of last 3 ribs, I: lumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament |
| transverse abdominis (AOI) | A: compresses abdominal contents, provides lumbar stability with hoop tension, O: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, cartilage of like 5 to 6 ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, I: linea alba, pubic crest |
| superficial muscles layer 1 | trapezius, deltoid, latissimus dorsi |
| trapezius (AOIN) | A: extends head, adducts, raises and rotates scapula, superior fibers elevate scapula, inferior fibers depress scapula, O: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of c7 through t12, I: acromion, scapular spine, lateral 1/3 clavicle, N: spinal accessory nerve |
| latissimus dorsi (AOIN) | A: prime mover of arm extension, adducts and medially rotates arm, O: spinous process of the lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, last 4 ribs, iliac crest via thoracolumbar fascia, I: floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus, N: thoracodorsal nerve |
| muscles of the back layer 2 | levator scapulae, supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor |
| levator scapulae (AOI) | A: elevates and adducts scapula, O: transverse process of c1 to c4, I: medial border of scapula, superior to scapular spine |
| supraspinatus (AOI) | A: only one that initiates abduction of humerus, stabilizes shoulder joint, O: supraspinatus fossa of scapula, I: greater tubercle of humerus |
| infraspinatus (AOI) | A: lateral rotation of humerus, stabilizes shoulder, O: infraspinous fossa of scapula, I: greater tubercle of humerus |
| teres minor (AOI) | A: lateral rotation of humerus, stabilizes shoulder, O: lateral margin of scapula, I: greater tubercle of humerus |
| subscapularis (AOI) | A: rotates and medially rotates humerus, shoulder stabilization, O: subscapular fossa, I: lesser tubercle of humerus |
| sit muscles - rotator cuff | supraspinatis, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis - SIT all insert on greater tubercle of humerus, S inserts on lesser tubercle |
| rhomboid major and minor (AOI) | A: retract scapula medially, O: spinous process of c7 to t5, I: medial border of scapula |
| teres major (AOI) | A: extends, rotates, adducts humerus, O: posterior surface of scapula at inferior angle, I: intertubercular sulcus of the humerus |
| deep muscles of back (ILS) | iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis |
| Iliocostalis (OI) | O: sacrum, erector spinae and iliac crest, I: iliocostalis lumborum - 12 to 7 ribs, iliocostalis thoracis - last 6 to first 6, iliocostalis cervicis - first 6 ribs to the tranverse process of c6 - c4 |
| longissimus thoracis (OI) | O: sacrum, spinous processes of lumbar, transverse process t12, I: transverse process of the lumber, erector spinae, rubs, costal process of thoracic vertebrae |
| longissimus cervis (OI) | O: transverse process of t6-t1, I: transverse process of c7-c2 |
| longissimus capitis (OI) | O: transverse process of t3-t1, I: mastoid process of temporal bone |
| spinalis thoracis (OI) | O: spinous process of l3-t10, I: spinous process of t8-t2 |
| spinalis cervicis (OI) | O: spinous process of t2-t6, I: spinous process of c4-c2 |
| spinalis capitis (OI) | O: runs from cervical and thoracic spine, I: external occipital protuberance |
| deep back muscles | quadratus lumborum, semispinalis, multifidus, splenius |
| quadratus lumborum (AOI) | A: lateral flexion of vertebral column, O: iliac crest, lumbar fascia, I: inferior border of rib 12, transverse process of lumbar |
| splenius cervicis, capitus (AOI) | A: extend, hyper extend head, rotate, O: ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of c7-t6, I: mastoid process, occipital bone, transverse processes of c2-c4 |
| semispinalis (AOI) | A: extend head, O: transverse process of c7-t12, I: occipital bone, spinous process of cervical, t1-t4 spinous process |
| multifidus (AOI) | A: vertebral column stabilizer, O: sacrum, erector spinae, psis, iliac crest, I: spinous process |
| upper extremity muscles | biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis, anconeus, brachioradialis |
| triceps brachii 2 heads (AOIN) | A: extends forearm, O: long head-inferior margin of infraglenoid tubercle, medial head-posterior aspect of humerus, I: olecranon process of ulna, N: radial nerve |
| what is the anconeus | short triangular muscle blended with triceps |
| biceps brachii (AOIN) | A: major elbow flexion and supination, O: short head-coracoid process, long head-intertubercular sulcus of humerus, I: radial tuberosity, N: musculocutaneous nerve |
| brachialis (AOI) | A: major flexor of elbow, O: distal portion of the anterior humerus, I: coronoid process of the ulna |
| brachioradialis (AOI) | A: synergistic action in elbow flexion, O: distal end of humerus, I: styloid process of radius |
| what does the pronator teres/pronator quadratus do | pronates the forearm |
| what does the flexor carpi radialis do | wrist flexor and wrist abductor |
| what does the palmaris longus do | wrist flexor |
| what does the flexor carpi ulnaris do | wrist flexor and wrist adductor |
| what does the flexor digitorum superfiscialis do | flexes wrist and middle fingers |
| what does the flexor pollicis longus do | flexes thumb |
| what does the flexor digitorum profundus do | only muscle that flexes distal phalanges |
| what does the extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis do | extends and abducts wrist |
| what does the extensor digitorum do | prime mover of finger extension |
| what does the extensor carpi ulnaris do | extends and adducts wrist |
| what does the extensor pollicis longus/brevis do | extends thumb |
| what does the abductor pollicis longus do | abducts and extends thumb |
| what does the supinator do | supinates forearm |
| upper thigh muscles | iliopsoas, sartorius, adductor group, pectineus, gracilis, quadriceps femoris, tensor fascia lata, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, hamstring group |
| anterior compartment of the thigh does what | flexes hip - knee up |
| posterior compartment of the thigh does what | extends hip - leg towards butt |
| iliopsoas (AOI) | A: flex trunk, hip, laterally flexes spine, O: iliac fossa and crest, transverse processes and bodies of t12 thru l5, I: lesser trochanter of femur |
| sartorius (AOI) | A: flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh, O: anterior superior iliac spine, I: medial aspect of proximal tibia |
| adductor group - magnus, longus, brevis (AOI) | A: adducts and medially rotates thigh, flexes thigh, O: magnus-ischial pubic ramus and ischial tuberosity, longus-pubis, brevis-body and inferior pubic ramus, I: linea aspera, adductor tubercle |
| what do the pectineus and gracilis do | adduct, flex and medially rotate thigh |
| what muscles is the quadriceps femoris made of | rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius |
| quadriceps femoris (AI) | A: all muscles extend to knee, I: all insert onto tibial tuberosity and patella |
| tensor fascia lata (AOI) | A: flexes, abducts, medially rotates thigh, steadies trunk, O: anterior aspect of iliac crest and ASIS, I: insertion forms the iliotibial tract (it band) |
| what are the posterior compartment muscles | gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, hamstring group |
| gluteus maximus (AOI) | A: thigh extensor, abducts thigh, laterally rotates thigh, O: posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx, I: gluteal tuberosity of femur, it band |
| gluteus medius and minimus (A) | abducts and medially rotates the thigh, steadies pelvis during walking |
| the hamstring group is made up of what muscles | biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus |
| biceps femoris (AOI) | A: extends thigh, laterally rotates leg, flexes knee, O: ischial tuberosity, linea aspera, distal aspect of femur, I: tendon passes laterally to insert into head of the fibula, and lateral condyle of tibia |
| semitendinosus and semimembranosus (AOI) | A: extends thigh, flexes knee, medially rotates leg, O: ischial tuberosity, I: semitendinosus-medial aspect of upper tibial shaft, semimambranosus-medial condyle of tibia, lateral condyle of femur |
| what do the fibularis longus and brevis do | plantar flex and evert foot |
| what are the anterior calf muscles | tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius, extensor hallucis longus |
| what does the tibalis anterior do | prime mover of dorsi flexion |
| what does the extensor digitorum longus do | prime toe extensor |
| what does the fibularis tertius do | dorsi flexor and everts foot |
| what does the extensor hallucis longus do | extends big toe |
| what are the posterior calf muscles | gastrocnemius, soleus |
| what does the gastrocnemius do | plantar flexes foot, only when knee is extended |
| what does the soleus do | plantar flexes foot with knee flexed |
| what does the orbicularis oculi do | closes eyes, blinks, squints, draws eyebrows inferior |
| what does the levator labii superioris do | raises and furrows lip, opens lip |
| what does the zygomaticus major/minor do | raises lateral corners of mouth upward |
| what does the risorius do | draws corners of mouth laterally, synergist to zygomaticus |
| what does the depressor labii inferiorus do | draws lips inferiorly |
| what does the depressor anguli oris do | draws corners of mouth down and laterally, antagonistic to zygomaticus |
| what does the orbicularis oris do | closes lips, kissing muscle |
| what does the buccinator do | compresses cheek |
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