| Term | Definition |
|---|
| phloem | Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant |
| xylem | plant vascular tissue that carris water and minerals from the roots up through a plant and that also helps support a plant |
| stomata | Pore-like openings in leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out of the leaves. |
| embryophytes | The bryophtes and vascular plants, both of which produce embryos; a synonym for plants. |
| spore | reproductive cell with protective covering |
| bryophytes | A nonvascular plant that lives on the land; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts |
| vascular plants | plants with vacular tissue |
| seedless vascular plants | have vascular tissue and use spores to reproduce |
| seed | Embryo of plant encased in protective covering and surrounded by food supply |
| pollen | The fine dust-like grains or powder formed within the anther of a flowering plant. |
| gymnosperms | classication of plant which produce seeds which are "naked" (unenclosed) |
| angiosperms | A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. |
| alternation of generations | Shifting between haploid and diploid cells during an organism's life cycle |
| gametophyte | the sexual form of a plant in the alternation of generations |
| sporophyte | the form of a plant in the alternation of generations that forms asexual spores |
| ovules | Structure that develops within ovary of seed plant and contains female gametophyte. |
| pollen grains | The structures that contain the immature male gametophytes. |
| pollination | transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant |
| sepals | Leaflike parts that cover and protect the flower bud |
| petals | outside part of the flower that attracts pollinators to the flower |
| carpel | The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary. |
| stigma | Sticky part of a flowers carpel which traps pollen grains |
| ovary | the organ that bears the ovules of a flower |
| anther | the part of the stamen that contains pollen |
| stamen | the male reproductive organ of a flower |
| fruit | the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant |
| cotyledons | the stored food inside one or two seed leaves. |
| monocot | has one cotyledon, parallel veins, flower parts in multiples of 3 |
| dicot | flowering plant with two cotyledons, has two cotyledons, branched veins, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 |
| root system | All of a plant's roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food. |
| shoot system | Consists of stems and leaves, photosynthetic, absorb CO2 and light from from above the ground surface |
| stems | Transport substances between roots and leaves. |
| nodes | a point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached. |
| internodes | A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached. |
| leaves | The main photosynthetic organs of vascular plants. |
| terminal bud | top end of the stem and is where growth usually occurs |
| axillary buds | located at the top end of the stem and is where growth usually occurs |
| rhizomes | the underground stem of plants |
| companion cell | functions to load and unload sugar from phloem by means of osmosis |
| epidermis | The dermal tissue system of nonwoody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells. |
| cortex | root tissue that transports water and nutrients inward through the root,may store sugar and starches |
| endodermis | Ring of waxy cells that surrounds the xylem in roots. |
| guard cells | Specialized cells that control the opening and closing of stomata in response to changes in water pressure. |
| mesophyll | The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis. |
| apical meristems | Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length. |
| primary growth | Growth produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots. |
| secondary growth | Growth produced by lateral meristems, which thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. |
| germinates | when a seed breaks dormancy, grows into a sprorophyte |
| embryo sac | another term for female gametophyte. |
| Casparian strip | water proof strip that doesn't allow water out of the xylem and phloem |
| transpiration | process in which plants open tiny pores on their leaves to gain carbon dioxide but lose water |
| transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism | the explanation for the ascent of xylem sap |
| phloem sap | a mixture of sugar, nutrients, and water that flows through phloem vessels in a plant |
| macronutrients | the group name for the energy-yielding nutrients of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. we need lots of them, plant cells use some minerals, such as nitrogen and potassuim, in large amounts, and required in large amounts |
| photoautotrophs | organisms that use the sun to generate their own food. |
| stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide to water. |
| thylakoids | saclike photosynthesis membranes |
| grana | the chloroplast's solar power packs, that actually trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy |
| light reactions | The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process. |
| Calvin Cycle | uses ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars, no light |
| photosystem | in plants; a unit of several hundred clorophyll molecules and carotenoid pigment molecules in the thylakoid membrane |
| photon | packet of light energy released by excited electrons |
| photophosphorylation | Process where light reactions generate ATP using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP. |
| photorespiration | a metabolic pathway consuming oxygen and releasing CO2, decreasing photosynthetic output |
| greenhouse effect | The phenomenon whereby the earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane |
| haploid | of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes |
| diploid | a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes |
| tuber | a fleshy underground stem or root serving for reproductive and food storage |
| bulb | a modified bud consisting of a thickened globular underground stem serving as a reproductive structure |
| root hairs | Tiny structures that project off of the epidermal cells of a root and absorb water and minerals |
| vascular cambium | type of laterical meristematic tissue that produces vascular tissues and increases the thickness of stems over time |
| procambium | produces primary xylem and primary phloem (vascular tissue) |
| aggregate fruit | fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or drupes derived from separate ovaries within a common receptacle: e.g. blackberry |
| asexual reproduction | reproduction without the fusion of gametes |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete |
| auxins | Hormone that stimulates cell elongation, produced in apical meristem |
| gibberellins | hormone; promote stem and leaf elongation; work in concert with auxins to promote cell growth |
| ethylene | hormone that promotes leaf abscission and fruit ripening |
| abscisic acid | Hormone that promotes dormancy, blocks growth of stems, Stimulates the closing of stomata |
| cytokinins | Stimulates cell division and growth of lateral buds. Causes dormant seeds to sprout. |
| branches | limbs or offshoots of a main stem |
| apical bud | terminal bud with developing leaves and compact series of nodes and internodes |
| pollen tube | slender tubular outgrown from a pollen grain that penetrates the ovule and releases male gametes |
| phytochrome | A photoreceptor that absorbs red light, A photoreceptor that absorbs red light |
| electron carrier | A molecule that conveys electrons; one of several membrane proteins in electron transport chains in cells. Electron carriers shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
| photosynthetic pigments | Pigments found in photosynthetic cells that are capable of absorbing various portions of visible light |
| phycocyanin | an accessory pigment that only absorbs green and yellow light. |
| carotenoid | a class of pigments that are present in the thylakoid membrane of plants and that aid in photosynthesis |
| oxidative phosphorylation | an enzymatic process in cell metabolism that synthesizes ATP from ADP |
| chlorofluorocarbons | synthetic organic compounds used in refrigerants and as propellants. destroy ozone |
| glycolysis | Biochemical pathway that breaks down glucose to pyruvate |
| rubisco | enzyme that catalyzes the 1st step of the Calvin cycle |
| anaerobic metabolism | Breakdown of glycogen to pyruvic or lactic acid in absence of O2 |
Combine with other sets
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