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traits characteristics that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes heredity the passing of traits from parents to offspring genes factors that control traits alleles different forms of a gene dominant allele an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present; shown as a capital letter recessive allele asn allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present; shown as a lowercase letter hybrid an organism that has two different alleles for a trait probability the likelihood that a particular event will occur Punnett Square a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross phenotype an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits genotype an organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations homozygous having 2 identical alleles for a trait heterozygous having 2 different alleles for a trait codominance a condition in which neither of 2 alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive mutations a change in a gene or chromosome