Biology Ch. 5&6
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Created by:
caitlinflash2012 on October 13, 2011
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Metabolism & Bacterial Growth and Culturing
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 metabolism | the sum of all the chemical processes carried out by living organisms |
| anabolism | requires energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones |
| anabolism example | growth, reproduction, repair |
| catabolism | releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones |
| catabolism example | digestion |
| autotroph | captures its own energy and uses carbon dioxide to synthesize organic molecules. makes its own food. |
| photoautotroph | captures energy from sunlight and uses carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates(energy). photosynthesizes. |
| photoautotroph example | cyanobacteria, algae, plants |
| chemoautotroph | uses energy from inorganic substances such as sulfides or nitrates and uses carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates(energy). does not photosynthesize. |
| chemoautotroph example | nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
| heterotroph | uses ready made organic molecules obtained from other organisms. take in food from outside source. |
| photoheterotroph | captures energy from light but still needs an additional energy source(organic molecules) present such as methanol to meet all energy requirements |
| photoheterotroph example | green non-sulfur bacteria |
| chemoheterotroph | obtains energy from breaking down organic molecules |
| chemoheterotroph example | humans, most bacteria, fungi, protozoa |
| glycolysis | metabolic pathway used by most autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms to break down glucose which is needed for energy. doesn't require oxygen but can occur when oxygen is present. |
| fermentation | metabolic process that keeps glycolysis going by further breaking down glucose when oxygen is not present. occurs after glycolysis and oxygen is not present. |
| product of glycolysis | pyruvic acid |
| types of fermentation | homolactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation |
| homolactic acid fermentation | pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, creating foods such as yogurt and cheese |
| alcoholic fermentation | pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol. yeast does this to make bread, wine, beer, etc. |
| respiration | aerobic metabolism. occurs when oxygen is present and further breaks down pyruvic acid created during glycolysis. |
| 19x | the amount of energy released in respiration as compared to that of initial metabolism of glucose |
| glucose--->_______ | pyruvic acid |
| pyruvic acid ---->with O2_______ | aerobic metabolism |
| pyruvic acid --->without O2 _______ | anaerobic metabolism |
| anaerobic metabolism --->______ or _____ | homolactic acid fermentation and lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation and ethyl alcohol |
| microbial growth | an increase in the number of cells that occur by cell division, not by size increase |
| mother cell | the cell that doubles in size to divide itself into two |
| daughter cell | a cell created by a mother cell splitting in half |
| types of microbial cell division | binary fission or budding |
| binary fission | a cell duplicates all its components and then divides in half to form two cells. this is asexual reproduction. |
| budding | when a small new cell develops from the surface of an existing cell and separates from the parent cell. |
| example of a binary fission cell | bacteria |
| example of a budding cell | yeast |
| four phases of growth | lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, decline phase. |
| lag phase | organisms don't increase in number, but are metabolically active and grow in size. |
| log phase | organisms adapt to their medium and grow at an exponential or logarithmic rate. cell division occurs rapidly. |
| stationary phase | the rate of cells dividing slows to the rate of cells dying and the number of cells remains constant. |
| decline phase | the medium and environment becomes less supportive for cell growth and division. the number of live cells decrease at a logarithmic rate. |
| when cells dont completely separate in cell division | they form tetrads, chains, sarcinaes, or grape like clusters. |
| sarcinae | group of 8 |
| generation time | the interval between cell divisions. can be 20 minutes to 20 hours. |
| colony | when cells divide exponentially, they form this group of descendants from the original cell. |
| the edges of a colony grow faster than the middle of a colony because | nutrients are less abundant in the middle |
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