Week 7 Anthro Terms
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Created by:
kimiroemer on October 13, 2011
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18 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Accusative (like English) | In ________ languages, the subject is the same regardless of whether the verb is transitive or intransitive |
| Ergative | In _______ languages, the subject is different if the verb is transitive as opposed to intransitive |
| Speech Community | - is a community of people who share a verbal repertoire and a set of rules and norms for communication and interpretation of speech. ("Rules and norms" includes everything from intonation and vocabulary, to body positioning and eye contact) |
| Communicative Competence | -refers to what we know when we really know a language. - It means that we can recognize and use a broad range of registers, and that we know the meanings of different communicative practices used by most people in a given speech community. |
| ethnography of speaking (or ethnography of communication) | the type of ethnography that focuses on describing features of different speech communities: -includes descriptions of explicit norms for communication -details verbal, nonverbal and social expectations surrounding interaction -focuses on particular contexts and types of speech events, and how language changes in different situations |
| SPEAKING model | Setting (physical surroundings) Participants (who does what?) Ends (goals of interaction) Acts sequence (order of events) Key (cues that establish tone of event) Instrumentalities (styles/registers) Norms (social norms for the event) Genre (fairy tale; knock-knock joke) |
| Miscommunication | a misinterpretation of intended meaning; failure to achieve communication - occurs all the time within speech communities, but across speech communities miscommunication often occurs at regular points where rules and norms are different in the two communities |
| Dialect (Linguistic Variety) | -a regionally or socially distinctive variety of a language, identified by a particular set of words (vocabulary) and grammatical structures, as well as a certain phonology. |
| Prestige Variety | -a dialect associated with mainstream social prestige - for example a dialect that sounds "educated" or "sophisticated" |
| Stigmatized Variety | a dialect associated with negative features, from a mainstream social perspective: e.g. "uneducated" "lower class" |
| Negative Prestige Variety | - a dialectassociated with negative social value, but also carries a lot of prestige in certain social groups. Example: Male speakers of certain regional dialects (North End Boston) are often considered "extra-masculine" within their social group |
| Language Attitudes | -attitudes about language. Examples include: beautiful, ignorant, lazy, logical, clear, melodious, primitive, precise, passive, forceful etc. |
| Communicative Practices | - habitual language practices groups of people use to communicate with each other and to create and maintain distinct groups/identities Example: use of rising intonation in Southern dialects of English. |
| Register | -a term that describes how language varies across situations. Being able to use a range of _______ is part of communicative competence One way to think of _______ is as "ways of speaking" **Examples: The way I speak to my friends; the way I speak to a very important person; the way I speak to a child... |
| Interactional Styles | - the basic ways people organize their interactions with one another based on expectations for those interactions |
| Involvement Strategy | -express approval and emphasizes solidarity |
| Restraint Strategy | -emphasizes unwillingness to impose on others |
| Communities of Practice | A group of individuals who interact regularly, developing unique ways of doing things together "A _________ is an aggregate of people who come together around mutual engagement in an endeavor. Ways of doing things, ways of talking, beliefs, values, power relations - in short, practices - emerge in the course of this mutual endeavor." Eckert and McConnell-Ginet quoted in Ahearn, pg. 115 |
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