1.
4-region plan: by means of two imaginary planes, one horizontal and the other mid-sagittal: ...
2.
Abdominal anatomical region: 9-region plan: by means of four imaginary planes, two of which are horizontal (indicated by lines drawn across the right and left tenth ribs and across the right and left anterior superior iliac spines) and two sagittal (indicated by lines drawn from the mid-point of the inguinal ligament to the nipples of the chest or mid-point of the clavicle, right and left side
3.
Abdominal cavity: the cavity containing the abdominal organs; lying between the diaphragm and the pelvis
4.
Abduction: movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
5.
ABO group: the red blood cell type determined by the presence or absence of A or B antigens on the red blood cell membrane; the four types are A, B, AB and O
6.
Abscess: localized accumulation of pus
7.
Absorption: the taking in of materials by cells or tissues
8.
Accessory (auxiliary, assisting): this term is applied to a lesser structure that resembles in structure and function a similar organ, as an example the accessory pancreatic duct
9.
Achilles tendon: common tendon of the calf muscles that attaches to the heel (calcaneus); named after a mythical Greek warrior who was vulnerable only in the heel
10.
Acidosis: condition characterized by a lower than normal blood pH (pH of 7.35 or lower)
11.
Acne: inflammation of the sebaceous gland and hair follicles
12.
Acquired: presents itself after birth
13.
Acquired immunity: immunity that is obtained after birth through the use of injections or exposure to a harmful agent
14.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): a specific group of diseases or conditions which are indicative of severe immunosuppression related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); infects helper T-cells; persons dead having had AIDS may exhibit conditions such as wasting syndrome, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and Kaposi's sarcoma
15.
Acromegaly: hyperfunction of pituitary gland after ossification has been completed
16.
Action potential: the changes of electrical charges on either side of a cell membrane in response to stimulus; depolarization followed by repolarization
17.
Active immunity: the immunity provided by the production of antibodies after exposure to a foreign antigen; may be natural or artificial
18.
Active transport: The process in which there is movement of molecules against a concentration gradient; that is from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration
19.
Acute: A disease with a more or less rapid onset and short duration
20.
Addison's disease: disease of the adrenal gland resulting in low blood sugar, low blood protein, weight loss and weakness
21.
Adduction: the movement of a body part toward the midline of the body
22.
Adenoid: enlarged pharyngeal tonsil
23.
Adenology: the study of glands
24.
Adenoma: benign tumor of the glandular epithelium
25.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): chemical compound that provides energy for use of body cells
26.
Adipocyte: a cell of adipose tissue, specialized to store fat
27.
Adipose tissue: a connective tissue composed primarily of adipocytes; functions as fat storage as a source of potential energy
28.
Adrenal gland: a triangular body covering the superior surface of each kidney
29.
Adrenalin: synonym for epinephrine
30.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
31.
Aerobic: requiring oxygen
32.
Afferent: to carry toward a center or main point
33.
Agglutination: intravascular; the increase in viscosity of blood brought about by the clumping of particulate formed elements in the blood vessels; a specific form of coagulation
34.
Albumin: a protein synthesized by the liver, which circulates in blood plasma; contributes to the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood
35.
Aldosterone: a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium by the kidneys
36.
Alimentary canal: the digestive system tube from the mouth to the anus, including the mouth or buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and small and large intestines
37.
Alkalosis: condition characterized by a higher than normal blood pH (pH of 7.45 or above)
38.
Allergies: having an acquired, abnormal (hypersensitive) immune response to a substance (allergen) that does not normally cause a reaction
39.
Alpha cells: the cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that secrete the hormone glucagons
40.
Alveolar process: bony ridge found on the inferior surface of the maxilla and the superior surface of the mandible that contains the sockets for the teeth
41.
Alveolar type I cell: simple squamous epithelial cell that forms the walls of the alveoli of the lungs
42.
Alveolar type II cell: the septal cells in the lungs that produce pulmonary surfactant
43.
Alveoli: the air sacs of the lungs, made of simple squamous epithelium, in which gas exchange takes place
44.
Alzheimer's disease: a progressive brain disease of unknown cause resulting in loss of memory, intellectual ability, speech and motor control
45.
Amelia: congenital absence of one or more limbs
46.
Amino acid: building blocks of which proteins are constructed, and the end products of protein digestion or hydrolysis; their basic formula is NH2-CHR-COOH - an amino group (an alpha carbon, any aliphatic or aromatic radical and a carboxyl group)
47.
Amniotic fluid: the fluid contained within the amnion; cushions the fetus and absorbs shock
48.
Amphiarthrosis: A slightly moveable joint, such as a symphysis
49.
Amylase: a digestive enzyme that breaks down starch to maltose; secreted by the salivary glands and the pancreas
50.
Anabolism: synthesis reactions in which smaller molecules are bonded together to form larger molecules; require energy (ATP) and are catalyzed by enzymes
51.
Anaerobic: in the absence of oxygen; not requiring oxygen
52.
Anaplasia: growth of abnormal cells, as in a tumor or neoplasm
53.
Anasarca: generalized massive edema in subcutaneous tissue
54.
Anastomosis: a connection or joining especially of blood vessels
55.
Anatomical guide: descriptive references for locating arteries and veins by means of the anatomical structures which are known
56.
Anatomical position: the body is erect, feet together, palms facing forward and thumbs pointed away from the body
57.
Anatomy: the structure of an organ, the branch of science dealing with the structure or organisms
58.
Anemia: a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or both
59.
Aneurysm: a localized dilation of a blood vessel
60.
Angiology: the study of vessels
61.
Angle of the mandible: body angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus of the mandible and the inferior surface of the body of the mandible
62.
Antagonism: mutual opposition or contrary action; the inhibition of one bacteria by another
63.
Anterior (ventral): before or in front of, refers to the ventral or abdominal side of the body
64.
Anterior nares: external nostril openings
65.
Anterior superior iliac spine: a bony protuberance that can be palpated topographically, found on the ilium, the superior broad portion of the hip bone; the origin of the inguinal ligament and the sartorius muscle
66.
Antibody (immunoglobulin): glycoprotein substance developed in response to, and interacting specifically with, an antigen
67.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland; increases the reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules
68.
Antigen: a foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it
69.
Antisepsis: the prevention or inhibiting of the growth of causative microorganisms
70.
Antithrombin: a protein synthesized by the liver that inactivates excess thrombin to prevent abnormal clotting
71.
Aorta: large elastic artery that is the main trunk of the systemic arterial system, which carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart and passes through the thorax and abdomen
72.
Aortic semilunar valve: the valve at the junction of the left ventricle and the aorta; prevents backflow of blood from the aorta to the ventricle when the ventricle relaxes
73.
Aphasia: impairment or absence of the ability to communicate in speech, reading or writing; may involve word deafness or word blindness
74.
Aplasia: failure of a tissue or an organ to develop normally
75.
Aplastic anemia: failure of the red bone marrow resulting in decreased number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets; may be a side effect of some medications
76.
Apocrine gland: the type of sweat gland found primarily in the axilla and genital area; actually a modified scent gland
77.
Appendicular skeleton: the bony structure that makes up the shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvis and lower extremities
78.
Aqueous: watery, prepared with water as a solvent
79.
Aqueous humor: clear, thin alkaline fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eyeball
80.
Areolar: containing minute interspaces in a tissue
81.
Areolar connective tissue: a tissue that consists of tissue fluid, fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, and wandering wbc's; found in all mucous membranes and in subcutaneous tissue
82.
Arrhythmia: an abnormal or irregular rhythm of the heart
83.
Arteriosclerosis: disease of the arteries resulting in thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
84.
Articulation: the place of union between two or more bones; a joint
85.
Ascites: accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity
86.
Astrocyte: a type of neuralgia that forms the blood-brain barrier to prevent potentially harmful substances from affecting brain neurons
87.
Atheroma: fatty degeneration of thickening of the walls of the larger arteries occurring in atherosclerosis
88.
Atherosclerosis: a form of arteriosclerosis marked by the deposition of lipids in the inner layer of arterial walls
89.
Atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle, bundle of His): bundle of modified cardiac muscle fibers that projects from the AV node through the interventricular septum; conducts action potentials from the AV node rapidly through the interventricular septum
90.
Atrioventricular node (AV node): small collection of specialized cardiac muscle fibers located in the inferior part of the right atrium; functions to delay action potential transmission to the AV bundle
91.
Atrioventricular valve (AV valve): valve located between the atrium and the ventricle of the heart; the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and right ventricle; the bicuspid (mitral) valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
92.
Atrophy: a wasting; decrease in size of an organ or tissue
93.
Attenuation: dilution or weakening of virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity
94.
Autolysis: self-destruction of cells; decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance
95.
Autopsy (necropsy): a postmortem examination of the organs and tissue of a body to determine cause of death or pathological condition
96.
Autotrophic bacteria: self-nourishing bacteria that are capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds; organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide
97.
Axial: situated in or pertaining to an axis (a real or imaginary line that runs through the center of a body or about which a point revolves)
98.
Axial skeleton: 80 bones including the skull, vertebrae, thorax and hyoid bone
99.
Axon: the cellular process of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body
100.
Bacillus (bacilli): rod shaped bacteria
101.
Bacteremia: the presence of bacteria in the blood
102.
Bacteria: a prokaryotic one-celled microorganism of the Kingdom Monera, existing as free living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission and having a large range of biochemical properties
103.
Bacterial colony: a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a single microorganism
104.
Bactericide: an agent that destroys bacteria but not necessarily their spores
105.
Bacteriology: science that studies bacteria
106.
Benign: mild in character or non-malignant; does not spread to distant sites
107.
Beta cells: the cells of the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas that secrete the hormone insulin
108.
Bilateral symmetry: the symmetry of paired organs, of an organisms whose right and left halves are mirror images of each other, or in which a median longitudinal section divides the organism into equivalent right and left halves
109.
Biliary: pertaining to bile
110.
Biliary tract: the organs and ducts that participate in the secretion, storage and delivery of bile in the duodenum
111.
Binary fission: a method of asexual reproduction involving halving of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell followed by the development of each half into a new individual
112.
Biological vector: an arthropod vector in which the disease causing organism multiplies or develops within the arthropod prior to becoming infective for a susceptible individual
113.
Biopsy: the process of removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination or a specimen obtained by biopsy
114.
Bladder: a membranous sac or receptacle for a secretion
115.
Blister: thin vesicle on the skin containing liquid matter
116.
Blood: tissue that circulates through the vascular system and is composed of approximately 22% solids and 78% water
117.
Body of the mandible: horizontal portion of the lower jaw
118.
Boil (furuncle): acute, deep-seated inflammation in the skin which usually begins as a subcutaneous swelling in a hair follicle
119.
Buccal: relating to the cheek or mouth
120.
Burn: to oxidize or to cause to be oxidized by fire or equivalent means; a tissue reaction or injury resulting from the application of heat, extreme cold, caustic material, radiation, friction or electricity
121.
Cachexia: a general state of ill health, associated with emaciation; severe form of malnutrition
122.
Canal: a narrow tube, channel or passageway
123.
Cancer: any malignant neoplasm marked by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
124.
Capsule: a sheath or continuous enclosure around an organ or structure; the membrane that surrounds some bacterial cells; a loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria, helps to protect against phagocytosis
125.
Carbuncle: several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with the production of discharge of pus and dead tissue
126.
Carcinogen: a cancer-causing chemical or material
127.
Carcinoma: a malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue
128.
Cardiology: the study of the heart
129.
Carotid canal: a canal in the petrous portion of the temporal lobe that transmits the internal carotid artery and the internal carotid plexus of sympathetic nerves
130.
Cartilage: a specialized type of dense connective tissue; attached to the ends of bones and forming parts of structures, such as nasal septum and the framework of the ear
131.
Cavitation: formation of cavities in an organ or tissue; frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis
132.
Central: situated at or pertaining to a center or central point
133.
Chlamydia: a large group of non-motile, gram negative intracellular parasites
134.
Choanae: funnel shaped openings, especially of the posterior nares; one of the communicating passageways between the nasal fossae and the pharynx
135.
Chordae tendineae: tendinous strands running from the papillary muscles to the free margin of the cusps that make up the tricuspid and bicuspid valves; prevents the cusps of these valves from extending up into the atria during ventricular contraction
136.
Chronic: a disease with a more or less slow onset and long duration
137.
Cleft palate: congenitally malformed palate with a fissure along the midline
138.
Clinical pathology: study of disease by means of body secretions, excretions, and other body fluids performed in the laboratory in the diagnosis of a disease
139.
Clostridium perfrigens: anaerobic, saprophytic, spore-forming bacterium, responsible for tissue gas; referred to as gas bacillus
140.
Coccus (cocci): a type of bacteria that is spherical or ovoid in form
141.
Colon: the large intestine from the end of the cecum to the anal canal that surrounds the anus
142.
Commensalism: the symbiotic relationship of two organisms of different species in which one gains some benefit such as protection or nourishment and the other is not harmed or benefitted
143.
Communicable: a disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another
144.
Complication: an unfavorable condition arising during the course of a disease
145.
Concha: one of the three nasal conchae; a scroll-like bone
146.
Concussion: the immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function
147.
Condyle: a rounded protuberance at the end of the bone forming an articulation
148.
Congenital: existing at the time of birth or shortly thereafter
149.
Congestion: accumulation of an access of blood or tissue fluid in a body part
150.
Contamination: the act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area of substance
151.
Contusion: a bruise, often accompanied with swelling
152.
Cortex: the outer layer of an organ as distinguished from the inner medulla, as in the adrenal gland, kidney, ovary, lymph node, thymus, cerebrum and cerebellum
153.
Cretinism: a congenital condition due to hypothyroidism resulting in mental retardation
154.
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD): a disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology, assumed to be a slow virus; because of unknown etiology, caregivers using invasive procedures use extreme caution
155.
Cryptorchism: condition in which the descent of a testis into the scrotum is arrested at some point in the normal path
156.
Curvature: a normal or abnormal bending or sloping away; a curve
157.
Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane due to a lack of oxygen
158.
Cyst: a sac within or on the body surface containing air or fluid
159.
Cystic: of or pertaining to a cyst; pertaining to the gallbladder; pertaining to the urinary bladder
160.
Deep: below the surface
161.
Deficiency: disease due to lack of dietary or metabolic substance
162.
Degeneration: the deterioration of tissue with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease or injury
163.
Dehydration: loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem
164.
Detoxification: reduction of the toxic properties of a poisonous substance
165.
Diagnosis: the term denoting the naming of t he disease or syndrome; to recognize the nature of a disease
166.
Dialysis: separation of substances in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane
167.
Dilation: the condition of the heart bending enlarged, occurring normally, artificially, or as a result of disease
168.
Diplobacilli: a double bacillus, two being linked end to each; Morax-Axenfeld bacillus, a cause of conjunctivitis is typical of this form
169.
Diplococcus: a genus of bacteria that occur in pairs
170.
Disease: any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a body part, organ or system
171.
Disinfectant: a chemical or physical agent that kills disease-causing microorganisms
172.
Disinfection: the destruction of infectious agents by chemical or physical means
173.
Distal: farthest from the center, from a medial line, or from the trunk; opposite the proximal
174.
Drug-fast: resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs
175.
Dry gangrene (ischemic necrosis): condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic and occurs when the arteries, but not the veins, are obstructed
176.
Dysplasia: abnormal development of tissue
177.
Ecchymosis: small, non-elevated hemorrhagic patch; extravasation of blood into a tissue
178.
Ectopic pregnancy: the implantation of the fertilized ovum in a site other than the normal one in the uterine cavity
179.
Edema (dropsy): abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavity
180.
Emaciation: excessive wasting away of the body
181.
Embolism: free floating object in the blood stream
182.
Eminence: a prominence or projection, especially of a bone
183.
Empyema: pus in the pleural cavity
184.
Endemic: a disease that is continuously present in a community; disease that occurs continuously in a particular region but has low mortality
185.
Endocrine: an internal secretion; pertaining to a gland that secretes directly into the blood stream
186.
Endogenous infection: produced or arising from within a cell or organism
187.
Endospore: a thick walled spore within a bacterium
188.
Endotoxin: bacterial toxin confined within the body of a bacterium freed only when the bacterium is broken down, found only in gram negative bacteria
189.
Enzyme: an organic catalyst produced by living cells and capable of autolytic decomposition
190.
Epidemic: a disease that is currently in higher than normal numbers; appearance of an infectious disease or condition that attacks many people at the same time in the same geographical area
191.
Epidermis: outermost layer of skin; cuticle or scarf skin
192.
Epilepsy: a chronic neurogenic disease marked by sudden alterations in consciousness and frequently by convulsions
193.
Epistaxis: bleeding from the nose
194.
Erythrocyte: red blood cell; biconcave disk that contains hemoglobin, which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide; a mature erythrocyte does not contain red bone marrow
195.
Etiology: the study of the cause of disease
196.
Exacerbation: increase in severity of a disease
197.
Exocrine: a term applied to the external secretion of a gland
198.
Exogenous infections: originating outside an organ or part
199.
Exotoxin: a toxin produced by a microorganism and excreted into its surrounding medium
200.
Exsanguination: loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained
201.
External: exterior; the opposite of internal
202.
External auditory meatus: the lateral, outer opening of the external auditory canal
203.
Exudate: the fluid that oozes through the tissues into a cavity or to the surface; a product of inflammation
204.
Facultative aerobe: a microorganism that prefers an environment devoid of oxygen but has adapted so that it can live and grow in the presence of oxygen
205.
Facultative anaerobe: a microorganism that prefers an oxygen environment but is capable of living and growing in its absence
206.
Facultative saprophyte: a microorganism that prefers living organic matter as a source of nutrition but can adapt to the use of dead organic matter under certain conditions
207.
Fat: organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; chemically a triglyceride ester, composed of glycerol and fatty acids
208.
Fatty acids: a product of decomposition of fats
209.
Febrile: term associated with fever
210.
Fibrin: a threadlike protein fiber derived from fibrinogens by the action of thrombin; forms a clot, that is a network of fibers that traps blood cells, platelets and fluid, which stops bleeding
211.
Focal infection: one in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body
212.
Fomite: any inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted
213.
Fossa: a furrow or shallow depression
214.
Frontal eminence: a rounded prominence on either side of the median line and a little below the center of the frontal bone
215.
Frontal sinuses: an irregular cavity in the frontal bone on either side of the midline above the nasal bridge. One may be larger than the other
216.
Fulminating: having rapid and severe onset, usually fatal
217.
Functional: a condition or disease in which there is no recognizable change in anatomy
218.
Fungicide: an agent that kills fungi
219.
Fungus (fungi): a group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms, lacking chlorophyll, usually bearing spores and often filamentous
220.
Furuncle: an abscess or pyogenic infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle
221.
Gallbladder: a pear shaped sac on the underside of the right lobe of the liver that stores bile received from the liver
222.
Gaster: combining form meaning stomach
223.
General infection: an infection that becomes systemic
224.
General pathology: deals with the study of the widespread process of disease such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis or cellular death, repair, etc., without reference to particular organs or organ systems
225.
Germicide: a substance that destroys microorganisms
226.
Gland: a secretory organ or structure; a cell or group of cells that can manufacture a secretion discharged and used in some other part of the body
227.
Goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency
228.
Gross pathology: study of changes in structure of the body that are readily seen with the unaided eye as a result of disease
229.
Hematemesis: vomiting of blood
230.
Hematoma: tumor like swelling of blood
231.
Hematuria: Discharge of red blood cells in the urine
232.
Hemophilia: an inherited hemorrhagic disease characterized by a tendency to excessive and sometimes spontaneous bleeding
233.
Hemoptysis: blood in sputum
234.
Hemorrhage: escape of blood from blood vascular system
235.
Hepar: the liver
236.
Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver; it may be caused by a variety of agents, including viral infections, bacterial invasion and physical or chemical agents; it is usually accompanied by fever, jaundice and an enlarged liver
237.
Hereditary: genetic characteristics transmitted from parent to offspring
238.
Hernia: abnormal protrusion of part of an organ through an abnormal opening in the wall that normally contains it
239.
Heterocrine: a gland that has both endocrine and exocrine functions (example: pancreas)
240.
Heterotrophic bacteria: an organism that must obtain its nourishment from complex organic matter
241.
Hydrocele: abnormal collection of fluid in any sacculated cavity in the body, especially tunica vaginalis
242.
Hydrocephalus: excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
243.
Hydronephrosis: distention of the pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys with urine as a result of obstruction
244.
Hydropericardium: abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac
245.
Hydrothorax: abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity
246.
Hyperemia: excess of blood in an area of the body
247.
Hyperplasia: the increased size of an organ or part due to the excessive but regulated increase in the number of its cells
248.
Hypertrophy: the enlargement of an organ or part due to the increase in size of cells composing it
249.
Hypochlorites (bleaches): chlorine-containing compounds
250.
Hypoplasia: underdevelopment of a tissue, organ or the body
251.
Iatrogenic: results from the adverse activity of medical personnel
252.
Idiopathic: of unknown cause (example: essential hypertension)
253.
Indigenous flora (normal flora): indicates the microbial population that lives with the host in a healthy condition
254.
Infarction: the formation of an area of necrosis in a tissue caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area
255.
Infection: the state or condition in which the body or part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects
256.
Inferior: beneath; lower; used medically in reference to the undersurface of an organ or indicating a structure below another structure
257.
Inferior nasal concha: a facial bone
258.
Infestation: the harboring of animal parasites, especially macroscopic forms, such as ticks or mosquitoes
259.
Infiltration: the process of seepage or diffusion into tissue of substances that are not ordinarily present
260.
Inflammation: a tissue reaction to irritation, infection or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain and sometimes loss of function
261.
Insecticide: a substance that kills insects
262.
Integumentary: relating to the integument (a covering; the skin, consisting of the corium or dermis, and epidermis)
263.
Internal: within the body; within or on the inside; the opposite of external
264.
Intoxication: state of being intoxicated, especially of being poisoned by a drug or toxic substance
265.
Intracranial hemorrhage: extravasation of blood within the skull
266.
Inversion: tissues turned in an opposite direction or folded inward
267.
Iodophores: a compound consisting of iodine combined with a carrier, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, often used as a preoperative skin disinfectant
268.
Ischemia: reduction in arterial blood supply
269.
Islet: a tiny isolated mass of one kind of tissue within another type
270.
Islets of Langerhans: Clusters of cells in the pancreas
271.
Jaundice: conditions characterized by excessive concentration of bilirubin in the skin and tissues and deposition of excessive bile pigment in the skin, cornea, body fluids and mucous membranes with the resulting yellow appearance of the patient
272.
Joints: the point of juncture between the bones. A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage
273.
Larvicide: substance used to kill insect larva
274.
Lateral: pertaining to the side
275.
Legionnaires' disease: a severe, often fatal bacterial disease characterized by pneumonia, dry cough and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms
276.
Lesion: specific pathologic structural and functional changes or both brought about by disease
277.
Leukemia: disease characterized by the appearance of great numbers of immature and abnormal white blood cells
278.
Leukocyte: white blood cell; nucleated cell involved in immunity. The five types of leukocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes
279.
Leukocytosis: increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood
280.
Leukopenia: abnormal reduction in the number of white blood cells in the blood
281.
Lobes: well defined parts of an organ separated by boundaries
282.
Local infection: infection caused by germs lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining there
283.
Lumen: the cavity or opening of a vessel or intestine
284.
Lymphoma: malignancy of lymphoid tissue
285.
Lysin: specific antibody acting destructively upon cells and tissues
286.
Lysosome: organelle that exists within a cell, but separate from the cell; contains hydrolytic enzymes that break down proteins and certain carbohydrates
287.
Malformation: a defect or deformity
288.
Mandibular fossa: the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits
289.
Margin: a boundary such as the edge of a structure of the anatomy
290.
Maximum temperature: temperature above which bacterial growth will not take place
291.
Meatus: a passage or opening
292.
Mechanical vector: a living organism or an object that is capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body parts or surface
293.
Medial: pertaining to the middle
294.
Medico-legal (forensic) pathology: study of disease to ascertain cause and manner of death
295.
Medulla: inner or central portion of an organ in contrast to the outer portion or cortex
296.
Melanin: the brown to black-brown pigment in the epidermis and hair
297.
Melena: blood in stool
298.
Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges
299.
Mesophile: bacteria that prefers moderate temperature and develops best at temperatures between 25 C and 40 C
300.
Metaplasia: replacement of one type of tissue into a form that is not normally found there
301.
Metastasize: transfer from its primary site to a distant location
302.
Microaerohilic: a microorganism that requires very little free oxygen
303.
Microbiology: scientific study of microorganisms and their effect on other living organisms
304.
Microscopic pathology (histopathology): study of microscopic changes that cells, tissues and organs undergo as a result of disease
305.
Minimum temperature: temperature below which bacterial growth will not take place
306.
Mixed infection: infection caused by two or more organisms
307.
Moist (wet) gangrene: necrotic tissue that is wet as a result of inadequate venous drainage; may be accompanied by the invasion of saprophytic bacteria
308.
Morbidity rate: relative incidence of a disease in the population or number of cases in a given time at a given population
309.
Mortality rate: number of deaths in a given time or place or proportion of deaths to a population
310.
Mutualism: a relationship in which organisms of two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each
311.
Mycology: the branch of science concerned with the study of fungi
312.
Mycoplasmas: bacteria of the Mycoplasma genus that are found in humans and most have no cell wall
313.
Myology: the study of muscles
314.
Nares: nostrils
315.
Nasal septum: the partition that divides the nasal cavity into two fossae
316.
Necrosis: pathological death of a tissue still a part of the living organism
317.
Neoplasm (tumor): the abnormal, excessive and uncontrolled multiplication of cells with the formation of a mass or new growth of tissue
318.
Nephritis: inflammation of the kidneys
319.
Neurology: the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and its diseases
320.
Neurology: the study of the nervous system
321.
Nevus: birthmark; congenital skin blemish; any congenital anomaly including various types of birthmarks and all types of moles
322.
Non-symbiotic: organisms that are free-living and relationships are not required for survival
323.
Nosocomial: infection acquired in a hospital
324.
Occupational disease: a disease with an abnormally high rate of occurrence in m embers of the work force
325.
Opportunist: an organisms that exists as part of the normal flora but may become pathogenic under certain conditions
326.
Optimum temperature: temperature at which organisms grow best
327.
Oral: concerning the mouth
328.
Organic: a condition or disease in which there is a change in anatomy
329.
Orifice: the mouth, entrance or outlet of any anatomical structure; opening
330.
Osmotic pressure: pressure that develops when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane
331.
Ossicles: any small bone, especially one of the small bones of the ear
332.
Osteomalacia: a disease marked by softening of the bones due to faulty calcification in adulthood
333.
Osteomyelitis: inflammation of bone and bone marrow
334.
Osteoporosis: loss of bone density
335.
Pandemic disease: epidemic, widespread, even of worldwide event; a disease affecting the majority of the population of a large region or one that is epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world
336.
Parasitism: an interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits
337.
Parietal: pertaining to, or forming, the wall of a cavity; pertaining to the parietal bone
338.
Passive transport system: method by which solutes and/or solvents cross through a membrane with no energy provided by the cells of the membrane; in embalming, examples include pressure filtration, dialysis, diffusion and osmosis
339.
Pathogenesis: the manner in which a disease develops
340.
Pathogenicity: the state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease
341.
Pathological anatomy (morbid anatomy): study of structural changes in the body caused by disease
342.
Pathology: the science that deals with the study of disease
343.
Pectoral: concerning the chest
344.
Peripheral: located at, or pertaining to, the periphery (the outer part or surface of a body); occurring away from the center
345.
Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum, the membranous coat lining the abdominal cavity, and infecting the viscera
346.
Perpendicular: at right angles to another surface
347.
Petechia: antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin
348.
pH: potential of hydrogen; a number signifying the acidity or alkalinity of a chemical solution
349.
Phocomelia: congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent
350.
Physiologic pathology: study of changes in body functions due to disease
351.
Pigmentation: coloration caused by deposit, or lack, of colored material in the tissues
352.
Plasma: fluid part of the blood; blood minus the formed elements
353.
Platelets: a cell fragment involved in platelet plug and clot formation; also called a thrombocyte
354.
Pneumoconiosis: general term used to denote any prolonged inhalation of mineral dust
355.
Pneumonia: infection of the lungs; acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli; the alveolar sacs fill up with fluid and dead white blood cells; causes include bacteria, fungi and viruses
356.
Point of entry: place (usually visible) at which access of inner positions may be had; a place at w which a hypodermic needle may be inserted to pass into the same or another area
357.
Poliomyelitis: a highly contagious infectious disease of the spinal cord caused by a filterable virus
358.
Polycythemia vera: an increase in total red blood cell mass
359.
Polyp: a growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane
360.
Portal: concerning an entrance to an organ, especially that through w which the blood is carried to the liver
361.
Posterior (dorsal): toward the rear or caudal end; opposite of anterior
362.
Prevalence: number of cases of disease present in a specified population at a given time
363.
Primary infection: an original infection from which a second one originates
364.
Prion: a small proteinaceous infectious particle that is resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acid
365.
Prognosis: prediction of the outcome of disease
366.
Prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate gland
367.
Protozoa: one-celled organisms or the Kingdom Proista: most are unicellular although some are colonial
368.
Protozoology: science that deals with study of protozoa
369.
Protuberance: a part that is prominent beyond a surface, like the knob
370.
Proximal: nearest the point of attachment, center of body, or point of reference; the opposite of distal
371.
Psychrophile: bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0 C and 25 C
372.
Pubic symphysis: the junction of the pubic bones on the midline in front; the bony eminence under the pubic hair
373.
Purpura: condition in which spontaneous bleeding occurs in the subcutaneous tissues, causing the appearance of purple patches on the skin
374.
Pustule: a small elevation of the skin containing pus
375.
Pyloric sphincter: the smooth muscle around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum
376.
Quadrangle: a figure having four angles and four sides
377.
Quadratus Labii superioris: the large muscle from the cheekbone and lower rim of the eye socket which raises the upper lip
378.
Ramus: vertical portion of the mandible
379.
Recurrent: reappearance of symptoms after a period of remission (abatement)
380.
Regeneration: the replacement of damaged cells with identical cells
381.
Remission: temporary cessation of symptoms of disease
382.
Renal calculi: kidney stones
383.
Repair: physical or mechanical restoration of damaged or diseased tissue by the growth of healthy new cells not necessarily the same type, or by surgery
384.
Reproductive: pertaining to or employed in reproduction
385.
Resolution: the termination of the inflammatory response with the affected part returning to its normal state
386.
Respiratory: pertaining to respiration
387.
Rickets: a disease of infants and young children caused by deficiency of vitamin D resulting in defective bone growth
388.
Rickettsia: a genus of gram-negative, pathogenic, intracellular parasitic bacteria
389.
Rickettsiology: area of science that studies Rickettsia
390.
Right atrium: the right side of the heart seen as the center of drainage; used as a site of drainage via instruments from the right internal jugular veins and direct via the trocar or through the thoracic wall
391.
Sagittal line: the median vertical line dividing the body into right and left halves
392.
Salivary: pertaining to, producing or formed from saliva
393.
Salivary gland: a gland of the oral cavity that secretes saliva
394.
Saprophytic bacteria: bacteria that derive their nutrition from dead organic matter
395.
Sarcinae: a cube-like packet of eight spherical bacteria
396.
Scab: crust over a healing sore or wound
397.
Second degree burn: a burn resulting in acute inflammation of the skin and blisters
398.
Secondary infection: infection caused by a different organism than the one causing the primary infection
399.
Sepsis: pathologic state, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the blood or other tissues
400.
Septicemia: condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood
401.
Septum: a wall dividing two cavities
402.
Serum: any serous fluid, especially the fluid that moistens the surfaces of the serous membranes; the watery portion of the blood after coagulation; a fluid found when clotted blood is left standing long enough for the clot to shrink
403.
Serum albumin: a protein found in blood serum
404.
Sesamoid bone: an oval nodule of bone or fibrocartilage in a tendon playing over a bony surface. The patella is the largest one
405.
Signs: objective disturbances produced by disease, observed by physician, nurse or person attending patient (example: pulse, fever, heart rate)
406.
Simple fracture: fractured bone does not pierce the skin
407.
Singe: to burn superficially as the hair, which shows partial destruction from scorching heat
408.
Sinus: a cavity within a bone; a dilated channel for venous blood; any cavity having a relatively narrow opening
409.
Skeletal: pertaining to the skeleton
410.
Special pathology: deals with the specific features of disease in relation to particular organs or organ systems
411.
Sphincter: a circular muscle constricting an orifice
412.
Spina bifida: congenital defect in which part of the vertebral column is absent or has incomplete closure
413.
Spirillum (spirilla): a genus of spiral bacteria having a corkscrew shape with a rigid cell wall and hair like projections called flagella that assist in movement
414.
Spirochete: a genus of bacteria having a flexible cell wall but no flagella in the traditional sense; movement of these organisms occurs by contraction of long filaments that run the length of the cells
415.
Sporadic: disease that occurs occasionally in a random, scattered or isolated manner
416.
Staphylococcus: a genus of gram positive, non-motile, opportunistic bacteria which tend to aggregate in irregular, grape-like clusters
417.
Stenosis: abnormal constriction of a channel or orifice
418.
Sterilization: process of completely removing or destroying all life forms or their products on or in a substance
419.
Sternocleidomastoid muscle: muscle of the neck that is attached to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and superior nuchal line and by separate heads to the sternum and clavicle; they function together to flex the head, form the lateral boundaries of the cervical triangle, and widest part of the neck
420.
Streptobacilli: rod shaped bacteria occurring in chains
421.
Streptococci: spherical shaped bacteria occurring in chains
422.
Strict (obligate) aerobe: a microbe that can only live in the presence of oxygen
423.
Strict (obligate) anaerobe: a microbe that can only survive in the absence of free oxygen
424.
Strict (obligate) parasite: a parasite that is completely dependent on its living host for survival
425.
Strict (obligate) saprophyte: an organism that can only survive on dead or decaying organic matter
426.
Subcutaneous: situated or occurring beneath the skin
427.
Subcutaneous emphysema: distention of the tissues beneath the skin by gas or air; an antemortem condition brought about by a surgical procedure or trauma
428.
Submandibular: describing those portions which lie immediately inferior to the mandible
429.
Submental sulcus: junction of the base of the chin and the submandibular area, which may appear as a furrow; a natural facial marking
430.
Sulcus: a wrinkle or furrow or groove
431.
Sunken: situated as a depression; concave
432.
Superciliary arches: inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eyebrows
433.
Superficial: pertaining to or situated near the surface
434.
Superior: anatomically towards the head; higher than; situated above something else
435.
Superior palpebral sulcus: furrow of the superior border of the upper eyelid; acquired facial marking
436.
Suprarenal: located above the kidney
437.
Surgical pathology: study of tissue specimens excised surgically in a major or minor operation
438.
Sutural: relating to the suture (the line of union in an immovable articulation, as those between the skull bones)
439.
Symbiotic: organisms live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members
440.
Symphysis: a line of fusion between two bones that are separate in early development
441.
Symptoms: subjective disturbances caused by disease that are felt or experienced by patient but not directly measurable (example: pain, headache)
442.
Syndrome: set of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease (example: Down syndrome)
443.
Synergism: the harmonious action of two microorganisms producing an effect that neither could produce alone
444.
Systems: organized groupings of related structures or organs that perform certain functions together
445.
Temple: the flattened, slightly depressed area by the side of the forehead of a person's face
446.
Temporal bones: inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium, inferior to the parietal bones and anterior to the occipital bone
447.
Temporal cavity: concave surface of the head overlying the temporal bones
448.
Temporalis muscle: muscle of mastication which helps to close the mandible (the strongest chewing muscle)
449.
Tendon: the white, glistening, non-elastic fibrous cord of connective tissue in which the fibers of a muscle end and by which the muscle is attached to a bone or other structure
450.
Tetracocci: grouping of four spherical shaped cells
451.
Thermophile: bacteria that thrive best at high temperatures, between 40 C and 70 C
452.
Third degree burn: destruction of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues; seared, charred or roasted tissue
453.
Thrombosis: the formation or presence of an attached blood clot
454.
Toxemia: blood distribution throughout the body of poisonous products of bacteria growing in a focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms; presence of toxins in the blood
455.
Toxin: poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial or fungal origin
456.
Transverse: lying at right angles to the long axis of the body
457.
Transverse frontal sulci: furrows which cross the forehead; acquired facial markings
458.
Triangular fossa: depression between the crura of the ear; the second deepest depression of the ear
459.
True pathogen: real or genuine disease producing organism; an organism that due to its own virulence is able to produce disease
460.
Tubal pregnancy: implantation and development of the fertilized ovum in a uterine tube
461.
Tubulo-alveolar: consisting of tubes and alveoli, as in a tubulo-alveolar salivary gland
462.
Tumor: spontaneous new growth of tissue forming an abnormal mass
463.
Tunics: investing membranes
464.
Ulcer: an open sore or lesion of skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
465.
Uremia: a toxic condition caused by retention in the blood of waste products normally excreted in the urine
466.
Urinary: pertaining to the secretion or containment of urine
467.
Urinary system: composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
468.
Valve: any one of various membranous structures in a hollow organ or passage that temporarily closes to permit the flow of fluid in one direction only
469.
Valvular insufficiency (incompetence): failure of a heart valve to close tightly, thus allowing regurgitation of blood
470.
Vascular: pertaining to or composed of blood vessels
471.
Vascular system: the blood vessels; the arteries, capillaries and veins
472.
Vermiform appendix: a long, narrow, worm-shaped tube connected to the cecum
473.
Vertical interciliary sulcus: the vertical furrows on the forehead between the eyebrows; plural form sulci
474.
Vesicle: blister like elevation of skin containing serous fluid
475.
Vibrio: a genus of spiral bacteria which are curved or bent rods that resemble commas
476.
Viral hepatitis: inflammation of the liver caused by a virus (possibly as many as seven in number) capable of causing acute or chronic hepatitis illness; the transmission can be oral-facial, parenteral or sexual
477.
Viricide: an agent destructive to viruses9
478.
Virology: the study of viruses and viral diseases
479.
Virulence: relative power of an organism to produce disease
480.
Virus: an intracellular, infectious parasite capable of living and reproducing only in living cells
481.
Visceral: pertaining to viscera (internal organs enclosed within a cavity, especially the abdominal organs)
482.
Viscosity: the state of being sticky or gummy; resistance offered by a fluid to change form or relative position of its particles due to attraction of molecules to each other
483.
Vomer bone: bone of the nasal cavity situated between the nasal passages on the median plane; forms the inferior and posterior portion of the septum of the nose
484.
Zygomatic arch: processes on the temporal and zygomatic bones, determines the widest part of the face
485.
Zygomatic arch depression: one of the lesser concavities of the face located on the lateral portion of the cheek inferior to the zygomatic arch
486.
Zygomatic bones: small bones of the cheeks; widest part of the cheek
487.
Zygomatic process: a thin projection from the temporal bone bounding its squamous portion; a part of the malar bone helping to form the zygoma
488.
Zygomaticofrontal process: lateral rim of the eye socket formed by a process of the frontal bone and a process of the zygomatic bone
489.
Zygomaticus major muscles: muscles of the face that draw the superior lip posteriorly, superiorly and anteriorly; from the cheekbone to the sides of the mouth
490.
Zygomaticus minor muscles: muscles of the face that draw the superior lip superiorly and anteriorly; part of the Quadratus labii superioris
