1.
"dirty little secret": No national administration or political party in recent decades has been able to mobilize coalitions to support system-wide reforms like those in the past
2.
3 E's of sustainability: Economics
Ecology
(Social) Equity
Inter/intragenerational equality
3.
4 Limitations to Markets: 1) Treat all dollar values as equal worth, rather generated by toxic waste or producing food
2) Goods that are valued by nonparticipants in formal markets are systematically underpriced (What is value of living tree)
3) Gauge real value of resources or products only in present actual exchanges
4) Create vast systems of social inequality
4.
Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations
Precursor to modern day economics
Foundation for Resource Allocation Theory
5.
Agricultural modernization on population growth: Agricultural technology will keep pace with consumer demand; hunger is caused by too little food and farming traditions
6.
Agroecology: farm is also an ecosystem and uses the ecological principles of diversity, interdependence, and synergy to improve productivity, as well as sustainability
7.
Allan Schnaiberg: Treadmill of production
8.
Amos Hawley: Human Ecology: A theory of Community Structure
synthesized concepts like adaptation and equilibrium through growth in temporal and spatial dimensions
stressed importance of transportation and communication
9.
Andre Gunder Frank: Promoted dependency theory
Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America
theories center on the idea that a nation's economic strength, largely determined by historical circumstances—especially geography—dictates its global power
10.
Appadurai's 5 global flows: 1) ethnoscapes; 2) mediascapes; 3) technoscapes; 4) finanscapes; 5) ideoscapes.
11.
Arghiri Emmanuel: unequal exchanges occur when LDCs are compelled to sell their good at or below their value and pay too much to purchase good for MDCs
12.
Arithmetic growth: based on constant amount of growth per unit time; straight line
13.
Barry Commoner: Against Ehrlich
Wrote Closing Circle: neither population no affluence is the principal cause of environmental damage, but the faulty technological decision-making because of capitalist economic system
14.
Biomimicry: (EM)
restructuring an industrial economy to resemble an ecosystem with recycling and feedback loops - and minimizing linear processes of production and consumption that connect extractive sources and waste sinks
15.
Biospheric Equivalent Persons: per capita influence of affluence and technology
16.
Biotic potential: The potential growth a population of living things can expect if it were living under ideal environmental circumstances. It is when the population just keeps on growing and growing.
17.
Bretton Woods system: free system of international trade in open markets without barriers; individual nations able to conduct kinds of policies for controlling inflation and unemployment and encouraging economic growth
18.
Carrying capacity: maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water and other necessities available in the environment.
19.
Carryover stock: amount of grain left in bins when new yearly harvest begins
20.
Causes of hunger: 1) Not caused by too many people or too little food 2) Caused by the way that food is distributed; because people lack access to the food that exists
--inequality and income distribution, population density and growth, agricultural research agendas, social disruptions like wars, social welfare and insurance policies, and agricultural trade and commodity prices
21.
Charles Tilly: American sociologist, political scientist, and historian who wrote on the relationship between politics and society
major figure in the development of historical sociology, the early use of quantitative methods in historical analysis, the methodology of event cataloguing, the turn towards relational and social-network modes of inquiry, the development of process- and mechanism-based analysis, as well as the study of: contentious politics, social movements, the history of labor, state formation, revolutions, democratization, inequality, and urban sociology
22.
Christopher Chase-Dunn: The wold society continues to emerge on global scale but world-system of multiple cultures still exists.
Discusses the relations among forms of integration in contemporary system, coming dark age of deglobalization, and potential for eventual emergence of collectively rational and democratic global commonwealth
COMPARATIVE WORLD SYSTEM APPROACH to study change on millennial time scale
23.
Club of Rome: Wealthy industrialists and businessmen in Rome apply Malthusian assumptions to project the state of the world economy; Worlds systems dynamics model; computer simulations of global data about growth over time, stretching from past and projected into future
24.
Community Resource Management depends on: 1) the resource, 2) the group using it, 3) the rules they develop, 4) the actions of the government at regional and national levels
25.
Conflict theory: society and change are shaped by conflict and power relationships among groups, organizations, and social classes as they compete to control the distribution of limited values and resources
MACROLEVEL
26.
Constituent policies: provide benefits to particular constituents, clients, or publics, as illustrated by providing tax incentives for the lumber or oil industry
27.
David Ricardo: English political economist, often credited with systematizing economics
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation - laid out theory of comparative advantage
28.
Demography: study of human population
29.
Dependency Theory: Modernization theory failed to recognize that imperialism, colonialism, and neo-colonialism are soley responsible for devo of first world and underdevelopment of third
30.
Ecological modernization: optimistic school of thought in the social sciences that argues that the economy benefits from moves towards environmentalism. (EM)
31.
Ecological neo-malthus on population growth: Earth has finite carrying capacity; more people or faster growth=less food and fewer resources
32.
Economic/supply side demography on population growth: population growth is a source of progress and elasticities of substitution exist; need to protect natural resources
33.
Elasticities of substitution: how much human technical capacities can stretch to surmount natural limits
34.
Electronic Herd: Short-horn cattle represents all the stock, bonds and currency traders around the world
Long-horn cattle represent large multi-national corporation such as General Electric, General Motors, IBM, Intel, or Siemens, which increasingly invest in or move production to foreign countries
35.
Elinor Ostrom: Political scientist who did work on Community Resource Management (Came up with four things needed)
36.
Ellen Churchill Semple: Environmental determinism: a population's culture is determined by the environment where its located...influenced by Ratzel, but rejected his organic state theory
37.
Ellsworth Huntington: Advocated environmental determinism - physical environment determines culture, "Pulse of Asia", "Civilization and Climate" and "The Human Habitat"
38.
Environment's Kuznet Curve: relationship between environmental quality and interest from affluent societies
39.
Environmental Regulatory State: brought on when enact things like the EPA
40.
environmental resistance factors: Those aspects of an environment which constrain the growth of a population and establish the maximum number of individuals that can be sustained
41.
Ernst Haeckl: eminent German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and the kingdom Protista.
42.
Exponential growth: based on constant rate per unit of time; J shaped curve
43.
Externalities: cost or benefit, not transmitted through prices incurred by a party who did not agree to the action causing the cost or benefit
44.
Fernando Cardoso: The financial and technological penetration of peripheral economies by developed capitalist economies redefine the class relations and economic patterns
45.
Fertility: Incidence of childbearing in a country's population
46.
Fertility Rate: # Live births per year/# women 15-45 * 1000
47.
Francis Galton: Statistician developed Correlation
coined term "nature vs. nurture"
Power of prayer means nothing
48.
Friedrich Ratzel: "Städte-und Kulturbilder aus Nordamerika" - helped establish cultural geography
"Anthropogeographie" - developed human geography
Lebensraum means "living space" - expansion of strong states to weak areas
49.
Functional theory: Society and change are shaped by activities and processes required for viability and survival of social system itself
MACROLEVEL
50.
GDP: the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy
51.
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs: negotiated down trade restrictions and helped stimulate dramatic growth of huge multi- or transnational corporations that came to dominate labor, capital flows, and production around world
52.
Genuine Progress Indicator: attempt to measure whether a country's growth, increased production of goods, and expanding services have actually resulted in the improvement of the welfare (or well-being) of the people in the country
53.
Global Environmental Facility: private foundation, funded by donors, which makes grants to LDCs for projects about environmental protection and promoting sustainable livelihoods
54.
GNP: measures the output generated by a country's enterprises - whether physically located domestically or abroad
55.
Golden Straight Jacket: individual countries must sacrifice some degree of economic sovereignty to global institutions
56.
Green imperialism: Idea for those who are poor of rich people wanting to save the environment as being a new form of imperialism
57.
Green revolution: massive global effort to crossbreed species producing crop seeds that were much more productive per unit of cultivated land to increase food production
58.
Green taxes: excise taxes on environmental pollutants or on goods whose use produces such pollutants
59.
Hardin's eight factors: 1. An assured food supply
2. Reduced infant mortality rates
3. Literacy
4. Rudimentary health services
5. Social insurance system
6. Urbanization
7. Rising economic expectations
8. Women's rights, including opportunities for work outside of home
60.
Hawley's three propositions: 1) Adaptation proceeds through the formation of interdependencies among population members
2) System development continues, centeris paribus, to max size and complexity
3) System development resumes with the acquisition of new info that increases capacity for movement of people materials and messages
61.
Human Development Index: comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. Also for states, cities, villages, etc. by local organizations or companies.
62.
Human ecology theory: person's relation to the environment; human societies are organized on the biotic level and cultural as well
63.
ICPD: directly linked population problems with development issues; population growth IS a serious problem that exacerbates core social and environmental problems rejecting notion that population growth is cause of all human problems
64.
Immanuel Wallerstein/World Systems Theory: world has had capitalist economic system for 500 years with three groups of countries: core, semiperiphery, and periphery
existence of world systems driven by endless accumulation of profits
65.
Incentive shifting: changes in taxes, markets, or government subsidiaries can counter many of the "perverse subsidiaries" which create ecological damage
66.
Inequality/stratification on population growth: social structural arrangements produce environmental degradation and human misery; social inequality cause hunger and poverty; corporations control markets, concentrate wealth
67.
Ingenuity gap: critical gap between our need for ideas to solve complex problems and our actual supply of those ideas
68.
Intercropping: growing two or more crops in proximity. The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop
69.
Internal migration: usually "free" in the sense that people are choosing to move in relation to their perception of better living conditions elsewhere
70.
International migration: sometimes free, usually means that the migrant has met fairly stringent entrance requirements, is entering illegally, or is being granted refugee status
71.
International Monetary Fund: charged with stabilizing world monetary system
72.
Interpretive theory/Social constructionism: Social action and interaction between persons and groups create, negotiate, maintain, and revise culture and social definitions that constitute society its transformation
MICROLEVEL
73.
Jared Diamond: "The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal" - why one species came to dominate its closest relatives and why one group of humans came to dominate others
"Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies"
"Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed"
74.
Jevon's Paradox: proposition that technological progress that increases the efficiency with which a resource is used tends to increase (rather than decrease) the rate of consumption of that resource.
75.
Julian Simon: The State of Humanity
Against Erlich
76.
Karl Marx: Thought population growth was a symptom rather than cause of poverty, resource depletion, pollution and other social ills. Caused by exploitation and oppression by those owning means of production.
77.
Limits to Growth: Donella Meadows
Different scenarios for resource depletion, population growth, pollution, industrial output, and food supply
78.
Logistical growth: based on variable rate; produces S shaped curve
79.
low input: recycling animal manures and "green manure" for fertilizer, practicing low-tillage plowing that leaves plant residues to prevent erosion and improve soil productivity
80.
Malthus' negative checks: deliberate population controls (birth control/abstain)
81.
Malthus' positive checks: war, disease, poverty
82.
Market: systems through which goods and services are distributed that bring investors, producers, sellers, and buyers together
83.
Market failure: When specified conditions are not met in real world and human social and environmental problems occur
84.
Mercantilism: governments promote the society's well being by special export subsidiaries for national industries and to protect them from foreign invaders; now known as economic nationalism
85.
Michael Bell: Agroecology
emphasizes the role of intentionality in agroecological relations
86.
Modernization Theory: WW Rostow
Societies are independent
Poverty, hunger and other social problems are internally caused
elite social classes within a country agree on a national agenda to modernize
country has comparative advantage for participating in world trade
87.
Multicropping: The practice of producing two or more crops consecutively on the same parcel of land during a 12-month period. Also referred to as Double Cropping.
88.
Natural increase: Birth (time 1-time 2) - Deaths (Time 1-Time 2)
89.
Neo-Malthus on population growth: severe threat to envy degradation and human misery; more people or faster growth results in less food and fewer resources
90.
Neoliberalism: market-driven[1] approach to economic and social policy based on neoclassical theories of economics that stresses the efficiency of private enterprise, liberalized trade and relatively open markets, and therefore seeks to maximize the role of the private sector in determining the political and economic priorities of the state
91.
Nested instiution: regional or issue-specific international
institutions are themselves part of multilateral frameworks that involve more states or
multiple issues
92.
Net Migration: In migration (Time 1 - Time 2) - Out migration (Time 1 - Time 2)
93.
North American Free Trade Agreement: agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
94.
O.D. Duncan: POET model of human ecology
95.
Off-shoring: depends on 2 assumptions:
(1)redeployment: the percentage of U.S. workers who lose jobs and later find new jobs
(2) recapture: the percentage of wages paid in lost jobs are recaptured in wages paid in the new jobs
96.
other factors on population growth: human footprint; natural disasters, gender inequality, social disruptions (war/policies)
97.
Paehlke: The Malthusian Dilemma
This perspective is not necessary or helpful in positive change
Discusses population bomb and Erlich's views on population control
Discusses Hardin and lifeboat ethics
Both Malthus and Hardin assume that people won't understand population constraint and coercion is more effective
Debate between Commoner and Ehrlich central to intellectual history of environmentalism
Agrees with Hardin for first two phases of pop control, disagrees with coercion
Need to ask 3 questions: What is an optimal human population? What, other than coercive, might be done to lower birth rates to achieve population stabilization? Can stabilization be achieved near enough to optimal level that level can be attained gradually and humanely?
MALTHUS SAW THE PROBLEM BUT MISSED THE SOLUTION
HARDIN UNDERESTIMATED THE ABILITY OF THE POOR TO LEARN ANT ACT UPON A HOPE OF SOMETHING LESS THAN THE GRACIOUSNESS OF SANTA BARBARA
98.
Paul Baran: Father of neo-marxism
introduce concept of economic surplus as difference between what economy produces relative to what it consumes
99.
population redistribution: net spatial changes in population as individuals and families move from place to place - - urbanization and migration
100.
Praxis: process by which a theory, lesson, or skill is enacted, practised, embodied, or realized
101.
Privileged access: small number of producers produce vast majority of nation's toxic emissions
102.
Problems with Genetic modification: 1) yields no higher 2) could accelerate loss of soil nutrients, requiring more fertilizer and water 3) could enter into systems
103.
Public policy applied to economic production cycle: End of pipe, midstream strategies to reduce consumption, policy changes in production,
104.
Public policy fixes: Technological fixes, behavioral fixes, cognitive fixes, and legal fixes
105.
R.A. Fisher: The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance
Founded statistical "analysis of variance"
Genetical Theory of Natural Selection - decline and fall of civilizations because the fertility of the upper class is forced down
106.
Rational choice theory: Humans are rational choice makers making choices to choose economic goods and services in terms of how much they cost and how badly they need them
107.
Real GNP: the gross national product adjusted by inflation
108.
Regulatory policies: attempt to control behavior across a broad spectrum of constituent groups, industries, and economic processes
109.
Resource allocation paradigm: producers and consumers respond to changing relative incomes, prices, and external constraints so that if the market signals are allowed to reach individuals and market prices include all the social costs and benefits of individual actions, responses to problems will be rapid and efficient
110.
Retail policy: constituent policy that addresses the need of particular organized client groups
111.
Robert Park and Ernest Burgess: Introduction to Science of Sociology
112.
Rule of 70: doubling time can be computed if 70 is divided by the growth rate per year (%)
113.
Rural-Urban population balance: 2000
114.
Shadow price: Speculated admistered prices
115.
Societal change affected by:: Level of technological development, size of skilled labor force, access to natural resources, cultural work ethic and other social values
116.
Sustainable Society's Actions: 1) Work to conserve and restore its biological base. Design agriculture to mimic nature in diversity and mineral recycling
2) Dampen population growth and work to stabilize size through contraception, family health care, controlling resources, and reducing gender inequality
3) Gradually minimize or phase out use of fossil fuels
4) Work to become economically and environmentally efficient in all senses, greatly increasing investments in efficient equipment and buildings, maximizing recycling, reduce waste
5) Have social forms compatible with natural, technical and economic characteristics. Policies against poor and extremely wealthy
6) Require culture of beliefs, values, and social paradigms that define and legitimize these natural, economic, and social characteristics. Frugality!
7) Required to cooperate in negotiation of sustainability in other societies
117.
Terminator gene: gene which makes a crop's seed and crop sterile
118.
Theory of Demographic Transition: 1) Primitive social organization, Birth and Death high; 2) transitional social, birth high and population high rate natural incrase; 3)modern social, mortality and fertility stable at low levels
119.
Thomas Friedman: American journalist, columnist and author
Golden Straight Jacket
Lexus and the Olive Tree
120.
Thomas Hobbs: founders of Modern Political Philosophy
Social Contract Theorist
sovereign should have absolute power
Leviathan, where he described the "state of nature" as chaos
Believe in strong central government
121.
Transnational corporation: those corporations which operate in more than one country or nation at a time
122.
Treadmill of Consumption: people consume more material without any real gains in human satisfaction or well-being
123.
Treadmill of production: advances in technology, primarily induced by owners of the means of production seeking to increase profits, drive the expansion of production and consumption synergistically. This process leads to a cycle of production necessitating more production, because all sectors of society (the state, organized labor, and private capital) depend on continued economic growth to solve problems, such as unemployment generated by mechanization, which are created by growth itself
124.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: represents economic and trade interests of LDCs
125.
voluntary simplicity: reducing consumption and living more gently - social and cultural movement in 1980s
126.
Wholesale policy: public interest that addresses entire community
127.
William Freudenburg: much or most of all environmental harm is actually due to a small number of organized producers. Contrary to the notion that environmental protection is bad for the economy and "jobs," the worst sources of environmental harm are commonly due to a surprisingly small fraction of all economic activity—and to an even smaller fraction of the jobs
128.
World Bank: international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs to reduce poverty; recently trouble for promoting sustainable projects which favor MDCs
129.
World Conservation Union: global alliance of biologists, conservationists, and environmentalists primarily concerned with preservation of biodiversity
130.
Zero population growth rate: 2 children per female
