A and P Major Exam 1
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Created by:
clarestover on October 14, 2011
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136 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Tissue | Collections of specialized cells and products, perform limited number of functions |
| Epithelial Tissue | tissue that covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs |
| Connective Tissue | Bone, Tendon, Ligament, Cartilage, provide support, fill in spaces, store energy |
| Muscle Tissue | skeletal, cardiac, smooth, allows movement |
| Neural Tissue | conducts electrical impulses, carries information |
| Apical Surface | Exposed surface of epithelia |
| Functions of Epithelia | Provide protection, control permeability, provides sensation, produce secretions |
| Exocrine Secretions | To surface of epithelium |
| Endocrine Secretions | Release into surrounding tissue fluid and blood |
| Intracellular Connections | Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM's), transmembrane proteins, cytoskeleton filaments, intracellular cement (protein, and polysacharide mixture) |
| Tight Junction | Bilayer's connected by interlocking proteins, Adhesion belt (near tight junctions, encircle cells binding them to neighbors, connect to cytoskeleton. PREVENT PASSAGE OF WATER AND SOLUTES |
| Gap Junctions | Allow communication,(embedded membrane proteins with holes), connexons allow small molecules to pass through them. Smooth and cardiac muscle tissue |
| Desmosome | Abundant between cells in superficial layers of skin. Intracellular cement, CAM's, proteins connect with intermediate filaments, spot desmosomes, cell to cell, semidesmosomes, cell to basement membrane |
| Microvilli | Active and passive transport of molecules, increases surface area |
| Cillia | Beat in coordiated fashion, move materials across a surface |
| Basement Membrane | connects epithelia to underlying tissue, no cells, hemidesmosomes connect epithelia, resists distortion, acts as barrier |
| Simple Epithelium | Single layer of cells covering basement membrane |
| Stratified Epithelium | several layers of cells, not all connected to basement membrane, more protection. Surface of skin, lining of mouth |
| Squamous Epithelium | Thin, flat cell |
| Cuboidal | Hexagonal boxes, neat rows |
| Columnar | Hexagonal, but taller and thinner, rectangles, nuclei crowded close to basement membrane |
| Merocrine Secretion | Released by secretory vesicles by exocytosis, mucus |
| Apocrine Secretion | top of cell sheds, full of vesicles, cell regrows after break |
| Holocrine Secretion | Entire Cell becomes packed with secretions and bursts, cell dies |
| Matrix | Surrounds cells, contains ground substance and extracellular protein fibers |
| Connective Tissue Proper | Dense, Loose, skin, fatty tissue, tendons, ligaments. Syrupy ground substance. |
| Fluid Connective Tissues | Blood, Lymph. watery ground substance. |
| Supporting Connective Tissues | cartilage, bone. Dense ground substance, fibrous matrix of bone |
| Fibroblast | Produce connective tissue fibers and ground substance. Permanent residence, most abundant cells. |
| Macrophage | Phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens. Release chemicals mobilizing immune system. Throughout matrix. Fixed macrophages released during infection. |
| Fat Cells | Adipocyte, permanent resident, large droplet of lipid, nucleus pushed to side. |
| Stem cells | Respond to local injury, divide to produce daughter cells, differentiate into fibroblast, macrophages, and other cells |
| Mast Cells | released after injury or infection, cells rupture, packed with cytoplasm with vesicles packed with histamine and heprin (dilute blood) |
| Antibody producing cells | produces antibodies that destroy invading micro-organisms or foreign substances |
| Collagen Fibers | long, straight, unbranched, strong flexible |
| Elastic Fibers | Contain elastin (protein), branched and wavy, stretchy |
| Reticular Fibers | Honeycomb shape, thinner than collagen |
| Cartilage | Avascular, Matrix, Chondrocytes |
| Chondrocyte | Live in Lacunae, obtain nutrients, eliminate waste via diffusion, limited repair possibilities |
| Perichondrium | covers and separates structures of cartilage from surrounding tissues, inner cellular layer, fibrous layer |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Most common, closely packed collagen fibers, connects ribs to sternum, supports trachea, covers bone surface in joints |
| Elastic Cartilage | Numerous elastic fibers, flexible. Ear, epiglottis, airway to ear |
| Fibrous Cartilage | Little ground substance, matrix full of collagen fibers, resist compression, absorb shock, prevent bone to bone contact, knee, vertebrae, between pubic bones |
| Osteocytes | Cell of bone, sit within lacume (matrix) |
| Canaliculi | Branching network with bony canals |
| Periosteum | Covering that surrounds bone, outer fibrous layer, inner cellular layer |
| Mucous Membranes | Lines cavities, digestive, respiratory, and urinary tract, lined by simple epithelial |
| Serous Membranes | Lines sealed internal subdivisions of the ventral body cavity, parietal(lines inner surface of cavity, covers outer surface of cavity), and visceral. Simple epithelium supported by loose connective tissue. Minimizes friction. |
| Pleura | Lines pleural cavities, covers lungs |
| Peritoneum | lines peritoneal cavity covers surface of enclosed organs, liver, stomach |
| Pericardium | Lines the pericardial cavity, covers heart |
| Cutaneous Membrane | skin |
| Synovial Membrane | Lines fibrous capsule that surrounds freely movable joints, hyaline cartilage separated by synovial fluid. Loose connective tissue. |
| Skeletal Muscle | voluntary movement, striated voluntary muscle |
| Cardiac Muscle | in heart, circulates blood, maintains blood pressure |
| Smooth Muscle | found in walls of blood vessels, digestic, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs |
| Neural Tissue | Brain and spinal cord, conduct chemical impulses in body, |
| Neuron | Communicate through electrical events effecting the plasma membrane, longest cell in body, receive and carry information in body. axon- carry dendrite-receive |
| Neuroglia | Provide physical support for neural tissue, maintains chemical composition, provide nutrients to neurons, defend the tissue from infection |
| Inflammation | speeds up process of removal of waste products and toxins. mast cells produce histamine and heparin. |
| Regeneration | fibroblasts rebuild |
| Major Functions of Integument | Protection, synthesis and storage of nutrients, temp. maintenance, sensory reception, excretion and secretion |
| Epidermis | stratified epithelium, thick skin- 5 layers, thin skin- 4 layers. |
| Stratum Germinativum | deepest layer, cells firmly attached by hemidesmosome. Large stem cells, replace cells in upper layers |
| Melanocytes | synthisize melanin, yellow-brown pigment |
| Stratum Spinosum | adds to thickness of epithelium, cells may still divide (spiny layer) |
| Stratum Granulosum | cells no longer divide, begin to produce large amounts of keratin (grainy layer) |
| Keratin | protein, durable water resistant |
| Stratum Lucidium | Only thick skin, flattened cells, densely packed with keratin |
| Stratum Corneum | Outer layer of dermis, 15-30 layers of flattened dead epithelial cells, keratin, connected via desmosomes |
| Dermis | contains nutrients for the epidermis, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers |
| Hair Papilla | peg of connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves. Surrounded by epithelial stem cells |
| Hair Root | portion that anchors hair to the skin |
| Hair Shaft | Visible part, 3 layers of keratinized cells |
| Cuticle | surrounded with connective tissue sheath and wall, shingle like layer of cells, hard keratin |
| Cortex | under cuticle, thick layers of hard keratin |
| Medulla | core, flexible soft keratin |
| Sebaceous Glands | Holocrine glands, arrector pilli forces out secretion, sebum-oily lipid secretion |
| Accessory Structures | Nail, horn, hoof |
| 4 steps in repair to injury | 1. mast cells trigger inflammatory response 2. scab formed, clotting, migratory epithelium, macrophages, fibroblasts, granulation tissue 3. scar tissue formed 4. scab sheds, epidermis complete |
| Skeletal System Functions | supporting weight. stores minerals: phosphorus, calcium. blood cell production (yellow, red). protection. leverage. |
| osteoblast | immature bone cells |
| osteoclast | secrete acid and protein digesting enzymes (break down) |
| osteocyte | mature bone cells |
| Long bone | Femur, Humerus. Longer than wide |
| Short Bone | Carpal, tarsal. approx. same length and width |
| irregular bone | vertebrae |
| flat bone | parietal bone |
| lacunae | where the oseocytes sit in the osteon |
| lamellae | narrow sheets of calcified matrix. osteon rings. |
| canaliculi | small channels through the matrix. connect lacunae. osetocytes travel through |
| perforating canal | how osteons communicate. carry blood vessles into bone and marow |
| spongey bone | no osteons, lamallae form rods, spaces between contain red bone marrow. stresses come from many directions. |
| Diaphysis | central shaft of bone |
| Epiphysis | ends of bone |
| Compact Bone | hard bone, on outside of bones except joints. stresses come from limited range of directions |
| Red Bone Marrow | ... |
| Periosteum | outer fibrous layer, inner cellular layer. attaches fibers and ligaments to bone. bone growth and repair. |
| Endosteum | cellular layer of periosteum |
| red bone marrow | red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells arise here. mainly in immature bone. |
| Endochondral Ossification | 1. chondrocytes at center of cartilage enlarge, chondrocytes die as matrix calcifies. 2. newly made osteoblasts cover the cartilage in a thin layer of bone. 3. blood vessels penetrate cartilage, osteoblasts for spongy bone, center is primary center of ossification. 4. bone enlarges, osteoclasts for marrow cavity, new cartilage forms. 5. blood vessels are in epiphysis, are filled with spongy bone, new ossification centers form at ends of bone. |
| calcitonin | secreted by C cells in thyroid. decreases calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing calcium secretion in kidneys |
| parathyroid hormone | produced in parathyroid glands. increases calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing interstitial absorbtion of calcium, decreases calcium excretion in kidneys |
| open fracture | projects through the skin |
| transverse fractures | fracture that breaks across through long axis of bone. |
| spiral fracture | twisting stresses along length of bone |
| greenstick fractures | occur in young animals |
| comminuted fractures | shattered bone |
| simple joints | two bones articulate |
| compound joints | two or more bones meet |
| fibrous joint | articulation by fibrous tissue, little or no movement. sutured. skull bones. |
| cartilaginous joint | articulation united by fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, slightly movable joints. vertebral discs |
| synovial joint | articulated by synovial joint capsule. freely movable joints. |
| synarthrosis joint | immovable joint. fibrous or cartilaginous connection. skull bones, teeth. |
| amphiarthrosis | slightly movable joint |
| diarthrosis | freely movable joint |
| Synovial Joint Components | Joint cavity, articular cartilage(hyaline), joint capsule (synovial membrane, fibrous capsule) ligaments, busa (small sac) helps with cushioning |
| flexion | reduces angle between two bones |
| extension | increases angle between two bones |
| hyperextesion | over extended |
| dorsal and ventral flexion | bending the spine |
| rotation | movement around the long axis |
| universal | all movements, shoulder joint |
| adduction | moving toward median or plane |
| abduction | moving away from the median plane |
| gliding joint | two surfaces slide past each other, between carpal bones. |
| Hing joint | allowing movement at right angles |
| pivot joint | rotation around longitudinal axis of bone |
| ellipsodal joint | movement in two planes |
| saddle joint | articular surface concave in one and convex in the other |
| ball and socket | universal movement. shoulder bone |
| wool hair | sheep. wavy, fine |
| bristles | face hairs, whiskers |
| guard hairs | outer coat |
| long hair | horse |
| tactile hair | stiff sensory hairs |
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