Chapter 4 vocab
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ncbaseball on October 14, 2011
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57 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anchoring junctions | Adhesive junctions that link cells together into tissues |
| basal body | A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole |
| capsule | A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces |
| cell junctions | A structure that connects cells within a tissue to one another |
| cell theory | The theory that all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells |
| cellular metabolism | The sum of endergonic and exergonic reactions in a working cell |
| central vacuole | A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development |
| centriole | A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division |
| chloroplast | An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope |
| chromosome | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. See chromatin |
| communicating junctions | A channel between adjacent tissue cells through which water and other small molecules pass freely |
| crista (plural, cristae) | An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP |
| cytoplasm | The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane |
| cytoskeleton | A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions |
| dynein arms | A protein extension from a microtubule doublet in a cilium or flagellum; involved in energy conversions that drive the bending of cilia and flagella |
| electron microscope (EM) | A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the fine details of cell surfaces |
| endomembrane system | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles |
| endoplasmic reticulum | (ER)An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded consisting of protein and polysaccharides |
| flagellum | A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane |
| glycoprotein | A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate |
| An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum | golgi apparatus |
| granum | A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| intermediate filament | A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments |
| intermembrane space | One of the fluid-filled compartments in the mitchondrion |
| light microscope | An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens |
| lysosomal storage disease | A hereditary disorder associated with abnormal lysosomes, where the sufferer is missing one of the lysosomal digestive enzymes |
| lysosome | A membrane-enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
| magnification | An increase in the apparent size of an object |
| microfilament | A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction |
| micrograph | A photograph taken through a microscope |
| microtubule | A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton |
| mitochondrial matrix | The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle |
| mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration |
| nuclear envelope | The membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm |
| nucleoid region | The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA |
| nucleolus | A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes |
| nucleus | An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons |
| organelle | One of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
| pili | A surface appendage in certain bacteria that functions in adherence and the transfer of DNA during conjugation |
| plasma membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition |
| plasmodesma | An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells |
| prokaryotic cell wall | A fairly rigid, chemically complex structure that exists outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes |
| prokaryotic flagella | A long surface projection that propels a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment; totally different from the flagella of a eukaryotic cell |
| prokaryotic flagella | A long surface projection that propels a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment; totally different from the flagella of a eukaryotic cell |
| resolving power | A measure of the clarity of an image; the minimum distance that two points can be separated and still be distinguished as two separate points |
| ribosome | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits |
| rough ER | That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes |
| scanning electron microscope | A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography |
| secretory protein | Proteins that are secreted by the cell via the endoplasmic reticulum |
| smooth ER | That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes |
| stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water |
| tight junction | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells |
| transmission electron microscope | A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections, primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells |
| transport vesicle | A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell |
| vacuole | A membrane-enclosed sac taking up most of the interior of a mature plant cell and containing a variety of substances important in plant reproduction, growth, and development |
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