Anatomy Ch 3 Part 1
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Created by:
chucknorris310 on October 15, 2011
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73 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell | basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane |
| electrolyte | a substance that breaks down into ions when in solution and is capable of conducting an electric current |
| nucleus | a dense central body in most cells containing the genetic material of the cell |
| DNA | nucleic acid found in all living cells |
| protein | a complex nitrogenous substance; the main building material of cells |
| nuclear envelope | a double membrane barrier that binds the nucleus |
| nucleoplasm | a jellylike fluid in which the nucleoli and chromatin are suspended |
| nucleoli | small spherical bodies in the cell nucleus; function in ribosome synthesis |
| chromatin | the structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors (genes) |
| chromosome | barlike body of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division |
| plasma membrane | membrane that encloses cell contents |
| microvilli | the tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption |
| tight junctions | impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells |
| desmosomes | anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart |
| gap junctions | function mainly to allow communication |
| connexons | hollow cylinders composed of proteins that span the entire width of the abutting membranes |
| cytoplasm | the substance of a cell other than that of the nucleus |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water hating |
| cytosol | semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements |
| organelles | specialized structures in a cell that perform specific metabolic functions |
| inclusions | chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on the specific cell type |
| mitochondria | the rod-like cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities |
| ribosomes | cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cytoplasm of a cell |
| rough ER | studded with ribosomes; cell's membrane factory |
| smooth ER | plays no role in protein synthesis; functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs |
| Golgi apparatus | appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs; modifies and packages proteins |
| lysosomes | organelles that originate from the Golgi apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes |
| peroxisomes | membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful substances |
| cytoskeleton | an elaborate network of protein structures that extends throughout the cytoplasm |
| microfilaments | most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape |
| microtubules | determine overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles |
| centriole | a minute body found near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division |
| cilia | tiny, hair-like projections on cell surfaces that move in a wavelike manner |
| flagella | long, whip-like extensions of the cell membrane of some bacteria and sperm. serve to propel the cell. |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| macrophage | a phagocytic cell particularly abundant in lympatic and connective tissues |
| solution | a homogenous mixture of two or more components |
| solvent | substance present in the largest amount in a solution |
| solute | the dissolved substance in a solution |
| intracellular fluid | fluid within a cell |
| interstitial fluid | the fluid between the cells |
| passive transport | membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy (ATP) |
| active transport | net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy |
| diffusion | the spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| simple diffusion | unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | provides a means for certain needed substances that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores, to enter the cell |
| filtration | the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane b fluid or hydrostatic pressure |
| bulk transport | some substances that cannot get through the plasma membrane in any other way are transported with the help of ATP out of or into cells by... |
| exocytosis | moves substances out of cells |
| endocytosis | moves substances into the cells |
| cell life cycle | the series of changes a cell must undergo from the time it is formed until it divides |
| interphase | the period in which the cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities |
| cell division | period during which the cell reproduces itself |
| template | set of instructions |
| mitosis | division of the nucleus; first |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm; second |
| prophase | beginning stage of mitosis |
| chromatid | two strands making up a chromosome |
| centromere | small buttonlike body holding a chromatid together |
| metaphase | short stage in which the chromoses cluster and become aligned at the center of the spindle midway between the centrioles so that a straight line of chromosomes is seen |
| anaphase | chromatids move toward opposite sides of cell |
| telophase | prophase in reverse; chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin again |
| cleavage furrow | squeezes or pinches the original cytoplasmic mass into two parts |
| gene | a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein or polypeptide chain |
| enzymes | biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the cells |
| transfer RNA molecules | small cloverleaf-shaped molecules |
| ribosomal RNA | helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built |
| messenger RNA molecules | long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half of a DNA molecule and carry the message |
| transcription | involves the transfer of information from DNA's base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mRNA |
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