AP Euro CH 14 Test
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nataliekanter on October 16, 2011
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76 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 "God, Glory, Gold" | -purpose for expansion |
| "God" | -Catholic Nations wanted to expand Catholicism to other native lands (religious zeal) -Spain and Portugal |
| "Glory" | Individual and National Competition (wanted to earn and gain wealth, power, and land) |
| "Gold" | -in search for gold and other treasures, wanted to become rich |
| Motives for Exploration | 1. Renaissance Spirit- individual glory isn't a bad idea 2. Travels of Marco Polo- peaked everyone's interest in these foreign lands, and their wealth and sophistication 3. Western Europeans wanted direct route to Asia- to buy luxury goods and spices and bypass Muslims and get straight to Asia 4. Reformation- refugees and missionaries (Anabaptists- wanted to get away from other religions and rule themselves) |
| Kingdom of Prestor John | • Believed there was this great Christian king with lots of wealth and power •He was on the other side of some of the Muslim kingdoms • They held hopes that he was out there and would come and defeat the Muslims, and help them as Christians, but turned out Prestor didn't actually exist |
| Mongols | • Weren't Christian • Notorious for their violence in taking other lands |
| Marco Polo | • From Venice- Venetian • Lived in China and traveled around China in the 1200's • One of the foreigners that the government used as administrators • Eventually went to jail, and wrote book in jail, when he got out of jail, book sold worldwide and was very successful (other important philosophers and explorers read his book) |
| New Technologies | • Better maps, new navigation skills, new rutters, new sails, new ship designs, the use of the compass, and coastal contours • Better artillery- more weapons incase of attack on the waters • Portolani- more accurate maps relating to the round world • Lateen sail- triangular sail that Europeans started to use now • Used the caravel- faster ship that could hold a significant amount of stuff • Used the Pole Star- helped them determine their latitude |
| What gave Europeans this new technology? | • They got most of these from other people; especially Europeans coming in contact with the Muslims that gave these Europeans this new technology (much of it had originally come from China- the east) • Muslims with their early expansion came in contact with very sophisticated societies (Chinese most high-tech) |
| Zheng He | • made ships which were much larger and more sophisticated, (1371-1435) • They had internal compartments in the hull, and gardens on the deck for growing food on the water • Chinese could have dominated but didn't because they wanted to focus on arguments with the Mongols |
| Prince Henry | - established a school for navigation and also funded exploration voyages |
| Bartholomew Dias | • made it to the cape of Good hope, the southern tip of Africa, but then turned around because the crew was about to rebel |
| Vasco De Gama | • Went up the East coast of Africa, picked up a guy along the way (Muslim merchant) who was familiar with the winds in that part of the world, and helped him sail all the way around the Cape of Good Hope and then to Asia • In Asia he made it to the city of Calicut in India. • Sailed for the Portuguese in 1498 |
| Portugese | • The Portuguese realized the trading goods they brought with them was not in demand at all, it was very crude • The merchants in Asia were not interested in purchasing these goods, so the Portuguese either had to pay a lot to get the stuff they want or come up with another solution (violence) |
| Portugese in Indian Trade Network | • Came back with more ships and they came into contact with Muslims • They used their stronger fire power to try to take control and dominate trade • They terrorized these Muslims but mutilating them and cutting off their women's noses |
| Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque | • Set up port facilities at Goa, on the western coast of India • Also took over Malacca and the Malay peninsula |
| Christopher Columbus | • sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella who wanted to spread Catholicism to these new lands • He was certain he made it to Asia but his math as actually all wrong and he came about to this new land mass right before his crew turned on him • He went to his grave thinking he found this western route to Asia, but other people eventually realized it wasn't Asia • Because he was so wrong, a lot of land masses were getting these incorrect labels -ex: The Caribbean (The West Indies) |
| Amerigo Vespucci | • Italian explorer that the new lands were named after (Americas) |
| John Cabot | • A Venetian seaman that explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England (King Henry VII) |
| Pedro Cabral | • Sailed for Portugal and was blown off course and ran into South America and laid claim for Portugal to this part of South America |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | • Spanish explorer that led expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513 |
| Magellan | • Circum navigated the Globe- proved the world was round • He made it to the Philippines but was killed by natives • Only one of his boats made it back to Europe |
| Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | • Popes ruling • Treaty with a line of Demarcation, which meant Spain was going to get everything on one side of the line and Portugal was going to get the other half • Portugal appealed and said to move the line over a bit and they did because they didn't want to cause war with Portugal • Britain, French, and Dutch also claimed some colonies- but they didn't care what the pope said, they cared about competing for their country |
| Reasons for the ease of Spanish Conquest | • (Old World) Diseases- small pox and measles (no acquired immunities) • Guns, armor, and other weapons • Horses |
| Legend of Topiltzin | • Cortes' men came to Tenochtitlan, the city of Aztecs, and the Aztecs gave them lost of gifts because they thought this was the return of Quetzalcoatl, their god, but turns out he wasn't |
| Cortes vs. Aztecs | • Alliances with city-states that didn't like the Aztecs (because the Aztecs used human sacrifice) • Cortes captured Montezuma and then the Spaniards were driven out of the capital and regrouped themselves and came up with this new army • When they returned they destroyed the capital, with the help of a breakout of smallpox |
| Incan Empire | • Located in Cuzco, in southern Peru • Leader was Atahaulpa when Pizarro came into the empire • He captured Atahaulpa and put him up for ransom and the Incas paid off his ransom, but Pizarro killed him anyways • Very sophisticated but didn't have writing system |
| Encomienda system | • the conquering Spaniards would be rewarded for their service with grants of land and Indian labor (eventually ended by Spanish crown) |
| Spanish Colonial Administration | • Roman Catholic Church's major role was converting heathens |
| Viceroyalties | • provinces in their New world colonies 1. Mexico City 2. Peru -Their leaders are viceroys |
| Mita | • labor requirement (existing taxation system) allowed authorities to draft native labor to work in the silver mines |
| Audencias | • groups that help the viceroys rule and run things (run by lawyers) |
| Co-erced Labor | • forced labor of indigenous people, but as they died off they used African slaves |
| Economy | • Mining • Plantation agriculture- tea, coffee, sugar, tobacco |
| 2 large scale European colonies on the Coast of Africa | 1. Portuguese established Angola (Luanda) for the slave trade 2. The Dutch established Cape Colony on the Southern tip of Africa as a supply station for their ships |
| Boers | Dutch farmers |
| "Indies Piece" | • Wanted young adult men that would work the hardest • Women and children were valued as a fraction of one of these men |
| Sugar plantations | • hard labor, and very dangerous due to boiling pots of sugar water exploding |
| Slave Trade | • The Dutch came in hoping to take over Portuguese trade ports and activities • Origins of the Slave trade- all countries get involved • Forts- factories for these slaves |
| Triangular Trade | • connected Europe, Africa, and American countries (Atlantic economy) • Europe would trade their guns, manufactured goods, gin/rum, knives, cloth • Africa would trade their slaves • America would trade their cash crops, tobacco, raw materials, cotton, and sugar |
| Middle Passage | • slaves from Africa to the Americas (middle leg of the triangular trade) trip across the Atlantic ocean for slaves, crammed into cargo ships -20% slaves died on the way -Sharks followed these ships because they would throw dead bodies off the ship -This was called chatted slavery- people as commodities |
| Image- "Am I not a man and a brother" | • Josiah Wedgwood- fine white paste, porcelain that the British invented in the late 1700's (used to go to China but could now go to Britain) • This image invokes that slaves are people, and they are human beings that should be treated equally • Invoking ideas from the enlightenment and Christian ideas (the Great Awakening) coming together as the Abolition Movement (France and Britain) |
| K. Affonso Congo | • Special relationship with the Portuguese that allowed them to come in, took him a little while to realize they weren't going to become good friends • Realized the slave trade wouldn't be good for his country, so he tried to get the Portuguese out of there, but he was unsuccessful |
| Gun and Slave Cycle | • Europeans come in and sell guns to these Africans and they sell slaves in return • Then we have some Africans with guns, that go and attack other African people to capture more Africans to sell them into slavery |
| Effects of the Slave Trade | • Effects lives of millions of individuals- around 12 million slaves dead or taken • Increased warfare and violence • Centralization and growth of some dominant groups • Loss of vibrant cultures in Africa |
| The Dutch | • challenged the Portuguese and took over significant ports and operations, pushing the Portuguese out of the Spice Trade • took over Malacca and Ceylon (today's Sri Lanka) • didn't try to do too much, only established limited profit monopolies |
| Island of Java | • Dutch established fort called Batavia (mostly coffee) |
| Mughal Empire | • Muslim empire over Hindu majority in India (going strong for a century and a half but then went into decline) • The disintegration of the Mughal dynasty allowed for the British and French to gain a foothold in terms of territory in India and cause war (no centralized authority) |
| Mercantilism | • European nation states wanted to gain as much power as possible, to try to dominate • Caused a greater interest in gaining wealth and holding on to that wealth |
| Effects of Mercantilism | • Colonies became a source of cheap raw materials and new markets for their manufactured goods -They tried to start up their own industries and protect the existing industries through tariffs (this discouraged their citizens to buy imported goods, they wanted them to by goods from their own countries) • Tried to build up the infrostructure, to help facilitate trade • Granting trade monopoly (monopolies granted by the government) wanted these companies to bring wealth back to the government themselves |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | • French financier that wrote about the importance of mercantile policy and that economic activity was war carried on by peaceful means |
| Sir Robert Clive | • British empire builder that was representative of the East India Company in India |
| Battle of Plassey | • small British force defeated Mughal-led army that outnumbered it • in victory the British East India company received authority to collect taxes from land in the area of Calcutta as well as growing power for the British Navy |
| Black Hole of Calcutta | • underground prison where many British soldiers died from diseases and bad conditions |
| Chinese Dynasty | • End of the Ming dynasty allowed an opportunity for the Manchus (farming and hunting people in the north), who created a new dynasty, the Qing in the mid 1600's • Qing was the last of the Chinese dynasties that ended around 1911 |
| Chinese attitude towards Europeans | • Europeans didn't have much success converting the Chinese to Christianity • Chinese weren't interested in trading with the British, so the British were trying to force them to trade their porcelain and silk and it forced the British to have to give them money, which hurt the British economy because of Mercantilism |
| Lord Mccartney | • Britian advisor that visited Bejing, and Bejing emperor basically said they didn't want any British goods, but Lord Mccartney said you're going to be sorry |
| Macao and Cantan | •2 port cities Chinese allowed Europeans to come and trade thtough |
| Japan | • Portuguese 1st to impact- brought christianity and guns • Japanese took these guns and soon were able to manufacture their own, impacting traditional warfare (samurais) |
| Nagasaki | • Japanese Kicked out all Europeans, except allowed the Dutch to come to this port only one time of the year |
| Dominance in the Americas | • West Indies mostly dominated by Spain and Portugal first and they profited from empire in Brazil • And then Dutch, French, and English come in to try to gain territory • They took over some of these Caribbean islands where they could grow sugar (very profitable) |
| New social hierarchy | - Peninsulares-people at the top of the social hierarchy - Creoles- of European descent but born in the New World - Costas- people of mixed descents (mestizos and mulattos) - Indians- indigenous people - Blacks- free black survivors - Slaves- mostly African |
| Latin America | - a lot of intermarriage - cultural blend of heritage |
| British North America | • No intermarriage/ no other culture other then British (large # of people) • Lose colonial administration, try to formalize it • 13 colonies- trade very important • Massachusetts- all about the religious freedom • Virginia- all about the profit and trading (use of slaves) • Provided raw materials and bought manufactured goods (mercantilism) |
| French North America | • No intermarriage/ no other culture other then British (small # of people) • Not their for settlement, their to exploit natural resources (lumber, fur, fish) |
| Jacques Cartier | • discovered St. Lawrence River for French |
| Samuel de Champlain | • established Quebec for French |
| Treaty of Utrecht | • French had to give some of their land to England • Eventually had to give up the rest of their land after the 7 Years War • Get some trading rights in Latin America because the War of Spanish succession, and the British also had to force their way into being able to trade in Spain's colonies |
| Dutch in North America | • New Netherlands- Mouth of the Hudson river to Albany, New York • Run out of their colony by the English • English changed it from New Netherlands to New York |
| Impact of European Expansion | • Slaves brought in to work in on the population • More multi racial character • Social hierarchy • Catholic Missionaries- spread Christianity |
| Columbian Exchange | •Exchange of plants, animals, and disease between the Old world and the New world • New world staple crops- potato and corn (New world crops) brought over to the New world to sustain growing populations (others- sweet potato and manioc) • Old Word's large domesticated livestock, (horses, cattle, sheep, pigs) brought to the New World, impacted food sources and transportation • Old World Diseases- smallpox and measles and influenza (decimating New World) |
| Price Revolution | • Inflation increases- wages didn't increase when prices increased • Prices on food and rent and everything went up, except wages |
| Effects of Price Revolution | • Grew capitalism- more investment (cheap to borrow money) money goes to the borrower and not the lender • Governments borrowed money from bankers imposing new tax burdens on their people to try to give back some of that money • Big population increase helped cause inflation |
| Joint Stock Company | • Regular individuals bought stock in these companies, and in return they get certain number of shares in this company, and if the company makes a lot of money these individuals get profit but if the company fails then individuals lose money |
| Effects of Joint Stock Company | • Early overseas voyages were sponsored by these monarchs • Promoted overseas trade voyages because you didn't have to be sponsored by a monarch, now you could just be sponsored by individuals • European nation sponsoring the company is giving the company a great deal of authority to work on its own, so they have power to do things on their own, like go to war if necessary |
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