Islam Midterm
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Created by:
delonemaggie on October 16, 2011
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92 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 mu'min | Faithful |
| shukr | denoting thankfulness, gratitude, or acknowledgment by humans |
| shakir | denoting thankfulness, gratitude, or acknowledgment by humans |
| kufr | translated as "unbeliever" or sometimes "infidel". the term refers to a person who rejects God or who hides, denies or covers the truth. |
| kafir | Somone who has the characteristics of Kufr |
| imam | leader of the community |
| mahdy | divinely guided refers to the 12th imam. Someone who will return at the end of the world |
| nass | meaning "a known, or clear, legal injection". In Twelver Shi'ah Islam, this is used to reference the nomination of an imam by a previous imam. |
| murji'a | postponers. basis of salvation is faith alone. they will postpone making decisions |
| Kharijia | those who exit. basis of salvation is faith and works. intermediate decision. a person who doesn't have faith |
| mu'tazila | those who withdraw. faith and works give someone salvation. intermediate posistion. a person who doesn't have faith, is still a member of the community, but their status isn't as high. grave sinners still exist. |
| qadariyya | theological movement in early Islam which held that man was endowed by God with free will. |
| jabriyya | divine decision, compulsion, predetermination and predestination, Quada, Jabrq, Ash'aris, Sunnis, Mujia, Literal approach. |
| kash | it is predetermined, your choice, you go to hell |
| Ash'ari | Sunni theology |
| ahl al Hadith | term that has been used to refer to many Islamic movements (both historical can modern) that emphasizes the use of hadith in Islam |
| zahiris | scripturalists/literalists. they were liberal, they thought that women could be prophets |
| mihna | means 'ordeal' or 'inquisistion.' This was an attempt by Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun in 218 AH/8333 CE to impose his theological views on his subjects. it invloved testing particular individuals concerning their view of whether the Qur'an is created or not. |
| Basmalah (and therefore Bismillah) | an Arabic noun used as a collective name for the whole of the recurring Islamic phrase b-ismi-llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi, It is sometimes translated as "In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most merciful". |
| hadith | report about the prophet |
| sira | the biography of Muhammad |
| Beni Hashem | the clan of the prophet |
| Hijra | Emigration undertaken by Muhammad and his followers in 622 CE from Mecca to the city of Yathrib, known as Medina afterwards. The event marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. |
| Muhajirun | Emigrants, the Meccan Mulsims who emigrated to Medina |
| Ansar | the helper. The medinan muslims who hosted and helped settle the Meccan Muslims to their city. |
| islam | the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran |
| muslim | a believer or follower of Islam |
| Quraysh | The tribe to which the Prophet Muhammad belonged; the leading tribe of Mecca at the rise of Islam. |
| qasida | epic arabic poem |
| Ka'ba | cubic temple of located within the sacred mosque of mecca |
| Qur'an | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina |
| Jihiliyya | Period of ignorance or impetuousness before Islam Gabriel. |
| jahl | ignorance (ferocity), foolhardiness, negative during Islamic Period. |
| tajwid | Making beautiful, art of reciting Quaran |
| surah | chapter of Quran |
| mushaf | copy of the Quran |
| juz' | 1/30th portion of the Quran |
| ayah | verses of the Quran |
| saj' | poetic style of the Quran |
| salat | Ritual prayer, must be performed in the direction of the qibla at certain times in an established manner of standing. |
| Isra | journey to Jerusalem |
| Miraj | Ascension to heaven. |
| Hijaz | a coastal region of the western Arabian Peninsula bordering on the Red Sea; includes both Mecca and Medina |
| Hanifi | those who don't belong to any religion, but believe in God, but they are known as the followers of Abraham. |
| Allah | all mighty God |
| Shaytan | evil force. according to the Quran, God created Iblis out of "smokeless fire" (along with all other jinn) and created man out of clay. The primary characteristic of the Devil, besides hubris, is that he has no power other than the power to cast evil suggestions into the heart of men, women, and jinn, although the Qurʾān does mention appointing jinn to assist those who are far from God in a general context. |
| Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim must undertake once in a lifetime if he or she is physically and financially able. |
| Ramadan | Name of the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar, moth during which the annual obligation of fasting is undertaken. |
| Iqra | Saying 'Iqra`' to someone is to order them to read. When Prophet Muhammed (SAW) was meditating in the cave of hiraa he was ordered to read by angel Jibraeel (Gabriel). Iqra` was the first word of the Quran that came upon the Prophet (SAW). |
| Hilf al-Fudul | muhammad was a member of this organization, goal was to protect the oppressed of the city |
| tawhid | oneness |
| ahruf | the variants in which the Qur'an was recited by the Companions. |
| qira'at | Schools of teachings derived from the Qur'an (reading) particular recitations of the quaran. |
| isnad | chain of transmitters |
| ahl al sunna | those Muslims who believe and live according to the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Sunni Muslims are referred to as Ahla Sunnah. people of the tradition [of Muhammad] and the community" |
| ahl a beit | People of the house; Muhammad's family "people of the house"a phrase used with reference to the family of the prophet Muhammad |
| shi'at Ali | Partisans of Ali; second largest denomination of Islam Second largest denomination of muslims, who did not acknowledge major people of the quran as important besides Muhammad. |
| Migrants/Muhajirun | Emigrants, the Meccan Mulsims who emigrated to Medina |
| nasab | Lineage; series of patronymic Name that is passed down; example: Ibn- son of |
| hasab | inherited merit |
| zakat | Giving a fixed amount of food & wealth every year to the poor; charity One of the Five Pillars- Obligatory by Sunnis ,Obligatory payment made annually under Islamic law on certain kinds of property and used for charitable and religious purposes |
| ridda | The rejection of Islam in word or deed by a person who has been a Muslim Previous follower of Islam |
| diwan | A central finance department the institution of the state register of pensions, in order to effectively and equitably disburse the increasing revenues pouring into the state treasury. Umar established Diwan |
| ahl al dhimma (dhimmi) | the non-Muslims inhabited in the Islamic state They included the Christian and Jews! (: Christan, Jews, Magian, Samaritan, Sabian |
| ahl al kitab | people of the book"People of the Scripture," or followers of pre-Islamic monotheistic religions with some form of scripture believed to be of divine origin. It refers to Jews, Christians and Sabians. |
| jizya | "Compensation" something non-Muslims had to pay A tax specified in the Quran (9:29) to be paid by non-Muslim males living under Muslim political control. |
| al shura | process of electing a successor to the caliph. the six-man advisory council 'Umar appointed when he was dying, consisting of prominent Companions who were all candidates for the caliphal office. the finalist was selected through a process of elimination |
| fitra | Innate orientation towards God (Allah)/divine attributes; innate characteristics |
| jihad | A constant struggle between "Adam" (Humans/ beings made out of Clay) and Iblis (or maybe even, Shaytan), religious duty of muslims; means struggle |
| ilham | inspiration in God |
| wahy | Special term/type of Ilham that is verbal, legal, & that takes form of a scripture or book. Only given to prophets. |
| nabi | The one who begins to give the message, prophets |
| rasul | messenger |
| ummah | Community of Medina (Refer to Constitution of Medina) |
| Battle of Badr | muslims win, about 300 against 1000. Objective: To show Quraysh that Muslims are a force. Result: Muslim prestige goes up. |
| Battle of Uhud | 700 against 3000, Muslims lose. Objective: Quraysh seeks redemption after loss of Badr. Significance for Muslims |
| Battle of Khandaq | battle with the trenches? |
| Ibn 'Mas'ud | first to publicy recite the Qur'an in Mecca. Finds favor with Shi'a. Close to the prophet and could hear his revelations. |
| Ibn' Abbas | cousin of the prophet. Very close to Muhammad |
| A'isha | one of the wives of Muhammad. Had 10 distinctions from other wives. Caused a scandal when she was accused of cheating on the prophet. |
| Umm Umara | She was an early convert, engaged in the early battles after the move to Medina |
| Bilal Ibn Rabah | famous for having been the first caller to prayer--> persecuted by a pagan Meccan. was previously a slave before Abu Bakr freed him, he then lived at his house |
| Dunya | lower, tempural world |
| akhira | other, after life |
| jinn | are made of smokeless fire, have free will, and are not always visibile to humans |
| The Battle of Karbala | Yazid's forces massacred the descendents of Ali, is mourned annually by Shi'I Muslims |
| Muqatta'at | Diconnected letters, their means are questionable. |
| Rabi'a al'Adawaiyya | she demonstrated a woman scholar can rise above the many restrictions placed on the members of her sex |
| Ahmad Ibn Hanbal | He adopted a middle approach; between those who advocated complete free will and predestination |
| 'ilm | the rightful Imam is endowed with comprehensive, including supernatural, knowledge |
| taqiyya | ("precautionary dissimulation") which allowed the Shi'a to dissemble on matters of faith in dangerous circumstances. |
| Asharis | reason will prove the same that the revelation says |
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