Psychology Chapter 7
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Created by:
karlianneseri on October 16, 2011
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28 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Learning | Experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner. |
| Classical Conditioning | When a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism. |
| Unconditioned Response | A reflexive reaction that is reliably produces by an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned Stimulus | A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism. |
| Conditioned Response | A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus. |
| Acquisition | The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together. |
| Second Order Conditioning | Conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS. |
| Extinction | The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period. |
| Generalization | A process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition. |
| Discrimination | The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli. |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future. |
| Law of Effect | The principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated. |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment. |
| Reinforcer | Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it. |
| Punisher | Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it. |
| Overjustification Effect | Circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior. |
| Fixed Interval Schedule | An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made. |
| Variable Interval Schedule | An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement. |
| Fixed Ratio Schedule | An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made. |
| Variable Ratio Schedule | An operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses. |
| Intermittent Reinforcement | An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement. |
| Intermittent Reinforcement Effect | The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement. |
| Shaping | Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior. |
| Observational Learning | A condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others. |
| Implicit Learning | Learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acquisition. |
| Habituation | A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response. |
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