AP Euro Unit 5 Asg 1&2
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breprepared on October 16, 2011
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27 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Agricultural Revolution | The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled. |
| Cottage Industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. Families used their own equipment. |
| Open-field farming | one-half and one-third of village land fallow so nutrients restored for next year. Communal rather than individual |
| Putting-out system | System which was basically an assembly line which made goods easy to manufacture and cheaper to create. Took less time, made guilds obsolete. Mobilization of the rural labor force for commercial production of large quantities of manufactured goods |
| Enclosure Acts | Parliament, controlled by landowners, passed these to encourage improved methods of cultivation and stock-raising to increase productivity(Agricultural Revolution). `The old village system was an obstacle to these so in the 18th century the squirearchy was able to ensure that more of the common land would come under private ownership - by the already landed wealthy. Enclosure reached its height in the Napoleonic wars. Led to the increased productivity of land and labor but also released labor for other wage earning pursuits(became available as factory workers). |
| Fodder crops | Plants that are grown for animals to feed off so they can stay in pens. |
| Meadow floating | In order to combat the issue of not having food/water for animals, farmed flood low-lying land near streams in the winter to prevent ground from freezing and then drained the water which produce an early grass for animals to eat |
| Abraham Darby | In 1709, he used coal to smelt iron, or separate iron from its ore. When he discovered that coal gave off impurities that damaged the iron; he found a way to remove the impurities from coal, leading to better quality/ cheaper iron. |
| James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819) |
| Henry Court | Made the puddling process |
| Puddling | process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron |
| Steam engine | external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder |
| Richard Arkwright | English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. |
| Samuel Crompton | 1779, a Brit who combined the best features of the spinning jenny with the water frame -> spinning mule/Crompton's mule. |
| Eli Whitney | United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825) |
| George Stevenson | Built the world's first railroad line and he designed and built 4 locomotives that were used. Father of the modern railroad. |
| The Rocket | Stevenson's engine that won him a prize in 1829. Pulled a load 3x it's own weight at 30 mph, could outrun a horse. |
| Entrepreneurs | Raised capital, almost always locally from relatives, friends, or members of the church; had to understand latest methods for building and powering machinery; had to know how to market goods. |
| Edmund Cartwright | English clergyman who invented the power loom (1743-1823); erected a cotton mill, was offered a Watt steam engine which ended up on auction block 3 years later |
| Josiah Wedgwood | English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. |
| Robert Owen | Established a principle of communal regulation to improve the work and character of his employees., Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858) |
| Factory Act | Created factory workday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home. Outlawed child labor under 9-factory owners establish schools. Destroyed family unit. |
| Ten Hours Act | The ten hours act of 1847 limited the workday for women and young people in factories to ten hour. This was an effort of the Tory party to gain support from the working class. |
| The Mines Act | Act by Parliament that prohibited underground work for women and boys under the age of ten. This furthered the gender divide in the working classes. |
| Public Health Act of 1848 | Allowed medical officers and inspectors to enter homes and businesses in the name of public health. The state could condemn private property for posing health hazards. |
| Contagious Disease Act of 1864 | The Act of 1864 stated that women found to be infected could be interned in locked hospitals for up to three months, a period gradually extended to one year with the 1869 Act. These measures were justified by medical and military officials as the most effective method to shield men from venereal disease. |
| Edwin Chadwick | This was a public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses |
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