AP European Unit 3 and 4
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flowflow620 on October 16, 2011
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64 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Where was the 30 years war fought? | Holy Roman Empire |
| Who fought in the 30 years war? | Everyone in Europe |
| Who was the conflict between at the beginning? | Catholics vs. Protestants |
| What was the problem at the towards the end? | Hapsburg's had become to powerful, posed a threat to Protestantism and the free Dutch state |
| What combined treaty ended the 30 years war? | The Treaty of Westphalia |
| Who inherited the HRE? | Ferdinand I |
| Who inherited Bohemia? | Ferdinand II |
| What did Ferdinand II do to Protestants? | Defenestration- throwing people out of of tall buildings |
| Who was named the new king of Bohemia? | Frederick II |
| Which famous military general crushed the Protestants in battle? | Albrecht von Wallenstein |
| Who won in the Bohemian Phase? | Catholics |
| Who won in the Dutch phase? | Catholics |
| Who won in the Swedish Phase? | Protestants |
| Who won in the French Phase? | No one |
| Who was on the Protestants side? | Sweden and France |
| Who was on the Catholics side? | Spain and HRE |
| Who tried to eliminate Protestantism? | Ferdinand II |
| Which two groups were united from the 30 years war? | The Lutheran and Calvinists |
| What did Sweden and France do to help the Protestants? | Sweden- Contributed soldiers for battles France- helped pay for war |
| What three things did the Peace of Westphalia do? | - The war was incredibly destructive - Restored the Peace of Augsburg - Settled wars conflicts through a series of agreements |
| What were the impacts of the 30 years war? | - HRE was divided and economically ruined - Emergence of politics over religion - End of massive religious wars |
| What is the three field system? | - winter crop - summer crop - fallow |
| What is a Seigneur? | A feudal lord of manor |
| What are manorial rents? | Where a person rents out someones land for x amount of years and pays them with x amount of their crops and money |
| What is a guild? | Craftsmen or merchants in considerable power |
| What is specialization of labor? | Producing a large number of goods at the lowest possible cost |
| What is a domestic service? | Employment for wages in their employers residence |
| What was generated from the Price Revolution? | - Population increase - Increase in precious metals - Bigger demand for jobs - Wages decreased |
| Hierarchy? | Basic organization form of society |
| Status? | conferred privelages and responsibilities reflected everywhere as publicly as possible |
| The Great China of Being? | Universe was a chain, everything has its place from God all the way down to the rocks |
| Body Politic? | Head = Rulers Arms = Protectors Stomach = Nourished Feet = Labor Soul = Church Hands = Crafts |
| The Book of God? | The Bible |
| Villein? | A peasant who, under the feudal system of land tenure that prevailed in Europe in the Middle Ages, paid dues and services to a lord in exchange for land |
| "Deserving Poor?" | Those who should receive in-kind or cash assistance because they were unable to work due to age or illnesses |
| Sturdy Beggars? | Someone who was fit and able to work but begged or wandered for a living instea |
| Enclosures? | Fenced off sections, removed descions making from communal agriculture |
| What did Enclosures do? | - Greater freedom for wealthy landowners - Hurt the small farmer - Seen as "effect not cause" |
| Ket's Rebellion? | Response from peasants to enclosures |
| Peasants War? | A series of uprisings |
| Carnival? | When young people have sex and go wild...like Rompspringer |
| Skimmingtons? | Shaming ritual to ensure traditional rituals |
| Witch craft craze | Witchcraft = use of magic for evil |
| How long did the witch craft craze last? | 1550-1650 |
| How many people died from the witch craft craze? | 30,000 (80% women) |
| Great Northern War | -Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. - Sweden won at Battle of Narva - Russians defeated the Swedes at the Battle of Poltava in Ukraine - Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea |
| Aristotle | - assumed that above the earth lay a series of concentric spheres of moon, sun , and other planets - in outer regions of these spheres lay gods and angels -, Greek philosopher who proposed theories to explain many aspects of human behavior - supported the empiricist view that all knowledge comes from sensory experiences |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | - A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system. - the planets went around sun. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory |
| Ptolemy | Mathematician/Astronomer who believed the Earth was the center of the universe |
| Astrology | the study of the stars and planets by those who believe they influence human events |
| Aristotle | -Greek philosopher and scientist. among the most influential of philosophers in Western history - believed that the earth was at the center of the universe |
| Numerology | the study of the supposed influence of numbers on human affairs |
| Tycho Brahe | -Danish Astronamer who produced large amounts of astromatical data but believed that other planets rotated around the sun while the sun and moon rotated around the earth - influenced by Copernicus |
| Johannes Kepler | Brahe's assistant and continued research but supported Copernicus - concluded that planets traveled in an elliptical motion not in concentric spheres published his findings in New Astronomy in 1609 -integrated Copernicus' and Brahe's findings and created a solution for planetary motion |
| Galileo | -Italian mathematician and natural philosopher - saw new things in the sky due to invention of telescope by the Dutch - published starry Messenger and Letters on Sunspots which revealed new evidence in support of Copernicus - believed that mathematical regularity existed in nature, the universe was rational |
| Isaac Newton | - discovered the laws of gravitation - published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy - inertia applied to bodies at rest and at motion - all planes moved through mutual attraction or gravity - demonstrated this mathematically through the analysis od empirical data - ^ observing date before explaining it Plato Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled Galen Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200) Hermeticism Belief that human beings had been created as divine creative power, but had freely chosen to enter the material world, created by Ficino who was commissioned by Cosimo de Medici |
| Francis Bacon | -English, lawyer, writer, historian, philosopher ; regarded as the "Father of Empiricism" - set the stage for scientific work to develop - published The Advancement of Learning (1605) critical of scholasticism - believed that there was too much emphasis on tradition |
| Rene Descartes | - mathematician, invented analytic geometry - developed scientific method that focused on deductive reasoning - published Discourse on Method in French so it would reach more people rejected intellectual authority except himself and god divided things that were in existence into 2 categories: mind and body , material and non material Four Humors - hippocrates idea that personality could be identified by either phlegm, yellow bile, black bile, or blood -a balance of the four is wanted. Alchemy a medieval science aimed at the transmutation of metals, esp. base metals into gold |
| Paracelsus | Swiss physician who introduced treatments of particular illnesses based on his observation and experience |
| Robert Boyle | An English physicist and chemist, this man discovered the nature of elements and compounds and the basis of modern chemistry. |
| Andreas Vesalius | a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564) |
| William Harvey | English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood Royal Societies -England and France established these for scientists to meet and discuss their discoveries -people met at these regularly to hear papers, debated, and exchanged ideas |
| Margaret Cavendish | - A woman scientist who was of noble birth and wrote "Observations upon Experimental philosophy" - only woman to be received by the Royal Societies of London |
| Emile Du Chatelet | - Translated Newton into French - extensive knowledge of mathematics |
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