MEDEX PATHO EXAM1(E)
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16 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Name the 3 layers of a blood vessel | 1. Intima - lined by a single layer of endothelial cells (innermost layer) 2. Media - composed primarily of smooth muscle 3. Aventitia - composed of connective tissue (outermost layer) |
| Name the most common disease affecting the cardiovascular system | Atherosclerosis |
| What is the most important risk factor for atherosclerosis | Hypertension |
| Summarize the response-to-injury hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic plaques | 1. Chronic endothelial injury 2. Causes damage to the endothelium (intima) 3. That causes emigration & activation of monocytes/macrophages 4. That causes emigration & proliferation of smooth muscle cells from the media into the intima 5. that results in deposition of cholesterol and other lipids at the site 6. that becomes covered with fibrosis forming fibrous plaque (atheroma) 7. Then the plaque may enlarge occluding the vessel lumen (stenosis) or undergo further degenerative changes resulting in plaque ulceration/rupture with thrombosis |
| Name the 4 stages of atherosclerosis | 1. endothelial injury 2. fatty streak 3. fibrofatty plaque (aka fibrolipid plaque, atheroma) 4. advanced calcified/complicated (ulcerated) plaque |
| What are the 4 clinical complication of atherosclerosis | 1. Stenosis 2. Thrombosis 3. Embolism 4. Aneurysm |
| What are common effects of atherosclerosis with involvement of the cerebral arteries | TIAs, cerebral infarctions (stroke) |
| What are common effects of atherosclerosis with involvement of the celiac & mesenteric arteries | intestinal ischemia (angina) & infarction |
| What are common effects of atherosclerosis with involvement of the iliofemoral arteries | peripheral vascular disease (intermittent claudication), legs gangrene |
| The regulation of normal blood pressure is a function of what 3 components? | BP = CO x TPR (resistance of small arterioles at the periphery) |
| What is the most potent vasoconstrictor? | Angiotensin II |
| Distinguish between primary (essential) and secondary hypertension. | • Essential hypertension represents 90% to 95% of cases of hypertension and is a complex, multifactorial disorder resulting most likely from the combined effect of mutations or polymorphisms at several gene loci (e.g., sodium resorption, renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone) in association with a variety of environmental influences. • Secondary hypertension is caused by diseases of the kidneys or endocrine glands. Underlying causes are treatable: -chronic renal failure -renal artery stenosis -cushing's syndrome -pheochromocytoma -coarctation of the aorta |
| Differentiate between Stable angina pectoris and unstable angina pectoris | stable angina pectoris = a result of arteries stenosis occurs with exertion the heart demand for oxygen is increased greater than can be supplied by coronary arteries goes away with rest or vasodilation (e.g. nitroglycerin under tongue) unstable angina pectoris = a result of artery occlusion with thrombus usually occurs at rest, and classically at night the heart demand for oxygen is not increased not related to exertion is not relieved with rest |
| What area of the heart does the LAD supply | anterior left ventricle apex anterior 2/3rds of the septum |
| What area of the heart does the circumflex supply | the lateral left ventricle |
| What area of the heart does the RCA supply | the posterior left ventricle posterior 1/3rd of the septum |
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