| Term | Definition |
|---|
| revolution | a complete change in something; the overthrow of a government |
| technology | new inventions; the science of industry |
| global | world-wide |
| "mother" country | in the language of colonialism, the colonizing power was often referred to as the 'mother' country |
| industrialized | an economy based on industry, not agriculture |
| to exploit | to use |
| labour supply | a supply of workers |
| Test Act | an act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England form holding political office or entering the professions |
| capital | money used to invest in business |
| inefficient | unproductive; inadequate in performance |
| commons | land which could be used by everyone |
| to graze | to feed on growing plants, such as grass |
| breed | a group of animals distinguished by particular characteristics |
| fodder | animal food |
| manure | animal droppings used to fertilize land |
| to broadcast | to sow seeds by throwing them over a field by hand |
| entrepreneur | a person who runs a business, taking the risk in order to earn a profit |
| demand | desire for particular goods |
| to seep | to trickle slowly |
| compressed steam | steam under pressure |
| cast iron | molten iron poured into a mould to make a product |
| market | those wishing to purchase goods |
| toll | a fee for using a road |
| locomotive | a steam engine designed to pull cars on a railway |
| capitalist | a person with money to invest |
| clothier | a capitalist who invests money in textile-making |
| supply | the amount of goods available |
| social reformers | people who wish to change the nature of society |
| labour unions | organizations devoted to improving conditions for their members |
| Society | in this context, the upper class |
| to speculate | to buy land in the expectation that its value will increase |
| absentee landowners | people who owned land but did not live on it |
| enclosure | the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers |
| seed drill | deposited seeds in neat rows |
| urbanization | the movement of people to cities |
| labor unions | group of people who won the right bargain with employers for better wages, hours, and working conditions. |
| spinning jenny | a machine that could spin several threads at one |
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