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Abscess circumcised area of suppuration and destruction of lung parenchyma Absorption atelectasis removal of air from obstructed or hypoventilated alveoli Acute bronchitis inflammation of the airways or bronchi and is usually self-limiting Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) A condition in which capillaries or alveoli of the lungs are damaged from infection, injury, blood loss, or inhalation injury causing fluid to leak from the capillaries into the alveoli to collapse Adenocarcinoma tumor arising from glands Alveolar dead space an area where alveoli are ventilated but not perfused Aspiration removal of gas or fluid by suction or the sucking of fluid or a foreign body into the airway when breathing Asthma chronic inflammatory respiratory disease marked by periodic attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, a tight feeling in the chest, and a cough that produces mucous caused by an allergic reaction Atelectasis part of the lung or a whole lung collapses Bronchiectasis bronchi of the lungs become dilated in response to obstruction Bronchiolitis inflammation of the bronchioles usually as a result of viral infection Bronchiolitis obliterans bronchioles and possible some of the bronchi are partly or completely obliterated by graulation and fibrotic tissue Cavitation process of the abscess emptying into a bronchus and cavity formation Centriacinar emphysema destruction/distention respiratory bronchioles upper lobe in smokers Cheyne-Stokes respiration abnormal pattern of breathing in which the tidal volume gradually increases, then gradually decreases and a period of apnea before normal breathing pattern returns Chronic bronchitis a form of bronchitis characterized by excess production of sputum leading to a chronic cough and obstruction of air flow Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Any irreversible respiratory diseases that are characterized by airflow obstruction or limitation Clubbing selective bulbous enlargement of the end (distal segment) of a digit (finger or toe) Compression atelectasis external pressure exerted by a tumor, fluid, or air in pleural space Consolidation inflammation causes the alveoli to fill with fluid, pus, and microorganisms Cor pulmonale right-sided heart failure resulting from prolonged hypertension Cough protective reflex that cleanses the lower airways by an explosive expiration Cyanosis skin, mucous membranes, and nails are blue Dyspnea shortness of breath Emphysema abnormal permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis Empyema purulent is persistently discharged into the pleural space because of the complications of bacterial infections Extrinsic allergic alveolitis inflammation of the lung caused by an immune reaction to small airborne particles such as bacteria, mold, and fungi Exudate effusion high concentrations of white blood cells and plasma proteins Flial chest fracture of several consecutive ribs is in more than one place or the fracture of the sternum plus several consecutive ribs Hemoptysis period during which blood or blood-stained sputum is spit or coughed from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs Hypercapnia increased carbon dioxide in the arterial blood caused by hyperventilation of the alveoli Hyperventilation reduces carbon dioxide concentration because of breathing faster or deeper Hypocapnia a state in which the level of carbon dioxide in the blood is lower than normal Hypoventilation ventilation is inadequate for proper gas exchange, increase in carbon dioxide Hypoxemia insufficient oxygen Hypoxia state in which the oxygen level reaching cells is insufficient, tissue injury Kussmaul respiration deep, rapid respiration commonly seen in conditions causing acidosis Large cell carcinoma cells are large and contain darkly stained nuclei, can grow to distort the trachea and cause widening of the carina Laryngeal cancer increased by the amount of tobacco smoked, combination of smoke and alcohol consumption Lip cancer long-term exposure to sun, wind, and cold over a period of time Lung cancer bronchogenic carcinomas, arise from the epithelium of the respiratory tract, most common cause of cancer death Open pneumothorax air pressure in the pleural space equals barometric pressure Orthopnea dyspnea when a person is lying down Oxygen toxicity severe inflammatory response mediated primarily by oxygen radicals Panacinar emphysema damage more randomly and involves lower lobe of the lungs Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea wake up at night gasping for air, may have to sit up or stand to relieve the dyspnea Pleural effusion presence of fluid in the pleural space, migration of fluids and other blood components through the walls of intact capillaries bordering the pleura Pneumoconiosis chronic disease of the lungs, caused by repeated inhalation of dust Pneumonia inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals Pneumothorax collapse of the lung and escape of air into the pleural cavity Pulmonary edema excess water in the lungs Pulmonary embolism blood clot dislodges from its site of origin and embolizes to the arterial blood supply of one lung. Pulmonary fibrosis scarring of the lungs Pulmonary hypertension mean pulmonary artery pressure 5 to 10 mm Hg above normal or above 20 mm Hg Pulmonary thromboembolism pulmonary artery or one of its branches os obstructed by a blood clot Pulsus paradoxus decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration of more then 10 mm Hg Shunting moving oxygenated blood into vital areas and bypassing less vital areas Small cell carcinoma 15-20% bronchogenic carcinomas, strongest correlation with cigarette smoking Status asthmaticus severe bronchospasm Tension pneumothorax site of pleural rupture acts as a one-way valve, permitting air to enter on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing up during expiration TNM classification Staging of non-small cell cancer, T denotes the extent of the primary tumor, N indicates the nodal involvement, and M describes the extent of metastasis Transudative effusion watery pleural effusion Tuberculosis tubercle bacillus that results in the formation of tubercles on the lungs