intro to funeral services 1.2
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Created by:
SmilingSilly on October 18, 2011
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64 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Ancient Greek view of death (1) | "Based upon Greek mythology, the afterlife was dreaded because the Ancient Greek Mythology (Titans, gods and heroes) contained many evil creatures that would be in the next life" |
| Ancient Greek view of death (2) | Believed the body would continue to live under the earth in some form |
| Cult of Dionysus | "This was the religion of many ancient Greeks. Dionysus was the god of fertility and wine in Ancient Greek Mythology. As such, many of the temples in ancient Greece had wine freely flowing. In addition, many of the temples contained temple prostitutes, usually female, though some males were also prostitutes in the temple" |
| What happens to a person after death from the Cult of Dionysus | the body and soul would separate |
| What happens to the soul of a person from the Cult of Dionysus? | The soul would travel to the other side of the River Styx |
| River Styx | the river that separated this life from the next life |
| What does the body do at the River Styx | The body would be on this side of the river and would have to cross the river Styx to reunite with the soul |
| How does the body get across the River Styx | be ferried across the river by Charon |
| Charon | was a troll-like creature |
| How much was is for Charon to take a body across the sea | 1 Obol gold coin of ancient Greece |
| What happens if a body doesn't have a fee to Charon | the body would wander on this side of the river Styx until it could steal an obol from another passenger. If it could not obtain the obol from another passenger, the body would eternally wander on this side of the river and never enjoy the afterlife. |
| When a body has crossed the river what happens | the body would have to fight other creatures, including Cerberus |
| Cerberus | was a giant three-headed dog |
| What must Cerberus be paid | paid a cake of honey to allow one to pass and continue on the journey to reunite with the soul |
| If a person got past Cerberus where would they go next? | the body would enter into the Elysian Fields a.k.a. Elysian Planes and would reunite with the soul and would then enjoy the afterlife |
| What happens if a person didn't past Cerberus | they would be sent to Hades to search for their soul for eternity. |
| Greek early mode of disposition | Prior to 1000 B.C. the primary mode of disposition was earth burial |
| Greek mode of disposition between 1000 B.C. and 30 A.D | cremation. Reason warriors were off to war |
| Greek mode of disposition After 30 A.D. | earth burial |
| Greek preparation of remains | "To prepare the body for burial or cremation, the body was washed and anointed with perfumes used in temple worship by older single or widowed women. Then the body was dressed in a toga and placed in the home. After dressing the body, the family would place an Obol in the mouth of the deceased and a cake of honey with the body to assist them on their journey. The body would then remain in the home for a day or two and then be taken for disposition" |
| Sutee | the process of committing suicide by throwing oneself onto the funeral pyre for cremation |
| What happens in Greek culture if wife doesn't commit Sutee | "the widow was punished for life, by requiring her to assist with all future burials of family and friends" |
| Greek Burial Customs on the day of burial | "On the day of disposition, the body (with obol and cake) would be taken out of the home prior to sunrise, so as not to contaminate the city streets with the dead body. The family and friends would have a procession to the cemetery / crematorium. Once at the cemetery or crematorium, the body was disposed of by placing the body in the grave or by placing it on a pyre for cremation. During the early centuries, it was very common at this time for the wife to practice Sutee. Sutee is the process of committing suicide by throwing oneself onto the funeral pyre for cremation. If the wife chose to try to live and was not willing to commit sutee, the eldest son usually would kill her and throw her into the cremation. If the wife chose not to kill herself and the eldest son did not fulfill his duties, the widow was punished for life, by requiring her to assist with all future burials of family and friends. The process of sutee shows that the wife's identity was utterly dependent upon her husband." |
| Greek Burial Customs after disposition | "After the disposition, the family members returned to the temple. At the temple, the family would enjoy a huge feast in honor of the deceased. During these feasts, animals were killed and sacrificed to the gods and the meat that was left over was eaten by the family. In keeping with the practices of the Cult of Dionysus, there was plenty of wine for all to drink and the family would have hired professional female mourners to entertain the male members of the family. Actually, the professional mourners were the temple prostitutes and that is the type of entertainment they gave to the family." |
| Greek Burial Receptacles | "he/she would have been placed in a coffin made out of Cypress, which is known as wood eternal because of its strength. And then the coffin was placed in a tomb" |
| Four Types of Greek tombs | Stelae | Kiones | Trapazae | Naidia |
| Stelae | upright stone slabs that resemble today's monuments or tombstones |
| Kiones | columns such as pillars in buildings |
| Trapazae | "square-cut flat top monument resembling the ground level individual mausoleum. A ground level individual mausoleum has a grave, but there is no dirt placed over the casket, only a flat granite slab that covers the entire grave." |
| Naidia | temple-like structures Many with gardens - These resemble the family mausoleums that are common in New Orleans today |
| What was does with Ancient Greek cremains | the cremated remains would be left at the crematorium or at the temple and no further thought was given to them |
| Ancient Roman view of death | "Just as the ancient Greeks were heavily influenced by Mythology, Roman mythology or mysticism was the early force in shaping their views of death, later, the Christian influence dramatically changed their customs" |
| Roman Animistic View | "the soul would survive and hover over the grace for a period of time and demand sacrifices. To appease the soul of the dead, the living must make offerings or sacrifices to the dead" |
| Roman Epicurean Thought | "the body and soul would both decompose and that the decomposition would occur at the same time. Therefore, the soul would be in existence as long as the body was still in existence. Once the body decomposed, the soul did also and the sacrifices and offerings listed under animistic view could be discontinued" |
| Libitina | "the goddess of funerals and corpses and also the Temple to her. This temple functioned much like a funeral home, since the preparations of the dead occurred in the Temple" |
| Libitinarious | the embalmer - this was the priest in the Libitina temple that prepared the body for disposition |
| Designator | "the secular funeral director, that is the funeral director, other than the temple priests that managed the details of the procession. The Designator was very much like a master of ceremonies for the procession" |
| Pollinc tores a.k.a. Pollinctors | slaves that assisted in the Libitinarious and Designator |
| Praeco | "town crier - in Ancient Rome, they desired for everyone to know about a death and since it was customary for freedmen (slaves that were released by owners) to return for the funeral of their former masters, the praeco had the task of finding the freedmen and telling them of the funeral" |
| Roman Artisans | trades began organizing to pay for the burial of members of their artisan society |
| Common Roman Citizens | "For a poor or middle-class Roman citizen, the family would have prepared the body by washing the body and then allowing it to lay in state for a 3 - 7 days. The family members would have made floral wreaths to place near the body and would have attended to all the details associated with the meals in the home and the procession to the cemetery." |
| Prominent Roman Citizens | "The Preparation would have been performed by the Libitinarious in the Libitina. The body would have been eviscerated, washed and anointed with spices and oils and then dressed in a Toga or burial shroud. The Designator would have arranged for professional florists to make floral wreaths to place beside the body. Just as in the Common citizen, the flowers would have been used to cover the smell of the decomposing body since the prominent citizens may have laid in state for 7 or 8 days. During the time the body was in state, the designator would have planned for the procession to the cemetery and would have seen to the details of the meals for the family and friends that stopped by the house" |
| Roman Common Citizens funeral processions | The processions were made after dark. The procession would have gone from the house to the cemetery for burial or Libitina for cremation. The procession would have included: a torch bearer leading the way; the family and friends carrying the body on a bier on their shoulders; and the remaining family members following to the cemetery. |
| Roman Prominent Citizens funeral processions | would have occurred during the daytime. It would have consisted of the following: A torchbearer leading the way to connect them with the common citizens; Singers would sings songs about the deceased; jesters and jugglers would entertain the people lining the street; actors would have acted out different scenes from the life of the deceased; the deceased would be carried by slaves to the cemetery / Libitina; the family would follow immediately behind the bier; friends would follow; and finally all slaves that were freed by the citizen would follow in the freedmen's section . The number of freedmen in the procession was a symbol of your wealth and status as well as your generosity in freeing these slaves. |
| Roman Committal Service | "The body may have been buried or cremated. If cremated, it would have taken place in/near the Libitina. Otherwise, it occurred in a cemetery. They would begin by dedicating the ground for the burial. Though this was not a religious exercises, this was a sign that this ground could not be used for other purposes than the burial of this person. The family would be purified next to cleanse them from any evil spirits that may have come into the house. Before the family left, they would complete 1 final step. The family and friends would bring offerings and sacrifices to the gods. If the deceased were cremated, it would be in conjunction with the funeral ceremony at the Libitina. If the deceased were buried, the family, friends and freedmen would return to the Libitina and offer the sacrifices and offerings there. In either case, the professional mourners, those female slaves who were freed by the deceased, would conduct the Conclamatio Mortis for hours after the ceremony. The ""Conclamatio Mortis"" - the calling out of the dead, was carried out by wailing and yelling the name of the deceased over and over. Usually, the family would leave following the ceremony and the professional mourners would stay and mourn to the entire city to hear of the greatness of the deceased." |
| Conclamatio Mortis | "the calling out of the dead, was carried out by wailing and yelling the name of the deceased over and over" |
| Commune Sepulchrum | the common grave pit was designed for the poor roman citizens and slaves. They would place numerous bodies in one pit and then cover it periodically |
| Urns | this was used for those who were cremated. this is the first time in history that the cremated remains were saved and placed into a special container (an urn) |
| Sarcophagus | this large rectangular coffin would have been for the wealthy citizen who was placed in a tomb |
| Portrait coffins | this coffin was similar to the portrait coffins of the ancient Egyptian Pharoah |
| Columbariums | large garden areas where urns containing cremated remains would be placed |
| Private tombs | "for the very wealthiest, the tombs offered a private location away from the other citizens for the deceased to be buried" |
| Constantine | "the first Holy Roman Emperor to claim to be a Christian, that is, he was the first to combine the burial customs of Rome with the Burial Customs of the Ancient Christians" |
| Law Contstantine started (1) | required libitinarious to hold a license with the state; and |
| Law Contstantine started (2) | required bodies to be buried 6 feet under ground |
| Law Contstantine started (3) | "Guaranteed a funeral for the poor, even if the family could not afford the funeral, the government would pay for the funeral. This would include: a receptacle; an organized procession and a religious committal service" |
| Law Contstantine started (4) | Edict of Toleration |
| Edict of Toleration (1) | "allowed the family's, if they desired, to remove the body and bury the deceased criminal" |
| Edict of Toleration (2) | "allowed burials within the city walls of the cities in the Holy Roman Empire. Prior to this, all burials had to be outside the city walls. The problem was that most of the graves were being robbed" |
| The common grave pit used for the poor in Ancient Rome | commune sepulchrum |
| Which of the following is true regarding Ancient Roman funeral processions of prominent citizens | "torchbearers lit the way for the procession, even though they were held during the day, (to remind them of the normal night burials)" |
| Which of the following describe the Ancient Roman burial practices for a common Roman citizen | the family was responsible for all activities | wash the body and dress in a toga | place the body on a couch and allow to rest for 3-7 days | make flower wreaths to lay near the body (to cover the odor of decomposition) | move the body to the grave in a simple night procession |
| In Ancient Greek mythology a three headed dog that guarded the underworld | Cerberus |
| Most of the tasks associated with embalming in Ancient Rome were delegated to | pollinctores |
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