| Term | Definition |
|---|
| shoot system | The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers. |
| root | An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. |
| taproot system | A root system common to eudicots, consisting of one large, vertical root (the taproot) that produces many smaller lateral, or branch, roots. |
| lateral roots | A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root. |
| fibrous root system | A root system common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots spreading out below the soil surface. |
| shoot system | The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers. |
| root | An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. |
| taproot system | A root system common to eudicots, consisting of one large, vertical root (the taproot) that produces many smaller lateral, or branch, roots. |
| lateral roots | A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root. |
| fibrous root system | A root system common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots spreading out below the soil surface. |
| adventitious | A term describing any plant organ that grows in an atypical location, such as roots growing from stems. |
| root hair | A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals. |
| stem | A vascular plant organ consisting of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures. |
| nodes | a point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached. |
| internodes | A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached. |
| axillary bud | A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem. |
| terminal bud | Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes. |
| apical dominance | Concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth. |
| leaf | The main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants |
| blade | A leaflink structure of seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis; the flattened portion of a typical leaf. |
| petiole | The stalk of a leaf, which joins the lead to a node of the stem. |
| veins | In animals, a vessel that returns blood to the heart; In plants a vascular bundle in a leaf. |
| tissue system | One or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of a plant. |
| dermal tissue system | The outer protective covering of plants. |
| epidermis | The dermal tissue system of nonwoody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells; the outer covering of animals. |
| periderm | The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium. |
| cuticle | A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that act as an adaptation to prevent desication in terresterial plants; the eoxoskeleton of an arthropod, consisting of layers of protein and chitin that are variously modified for different functions. |
| vascular tissue system | A system formed by xylem and phloem throughout a vascular plant, serving as a transport system for water and nutrients respectivly. |
| xylem | Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of the plant. |
| phloem | Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells aranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant. |
| stele | The vascular tissue of a stem or root. |
| vascular cylinder | The central cylinder of vascular tissue in a root. |
| vascular bundles | A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) i a stem or leaf. |
| ground tissue system | Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support. |
| pith | Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder. |
| cortex | Ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or dicot stem. |
| protoplast | The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall. |
| parenchyma cells | A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differntiated cell type. |
| collenchyma cells | A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plants without restraining growth. |
| sclerenchyma cells | A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity |
| sclereids | Short irregular sclerenchyma cells in nuteshells and seed coats and scattered through the parenchyma of some plants. |
| fibers | A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles. |
| vessels | Continout water-conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants. |
| sieve-tube members | A living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms. They form chains called sieve tubes. |
| sieve plates | An end wall in a sieve tube member which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm sieve tubes. |
| companion cell | A type of plant cell that is conected to a sieve tube member by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may server one or more adjacent sieve tube members. |
| indeterminate growth | A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives. |
| Annuals | A flowering plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single year or growing season. |
| Biennials | A flowering plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle. |
| Perennials | A flowering plant that lives for many years. |
| Meristems | Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth. |
| Apical meristems | Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length. |
| Primary growth | Growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots. |
| herbaceous | Refering to nonwoody plants. |
| secondary growth | Growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants. |
| lateral meristems | A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems. |
| cambium | ???? |
| cork cambium | A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells. |
| initials | Cells that remain within an apical meristem as sources of new cells. |
| derivatives | New cells that are displaced from an apical meristem and continue to divide until the cells they produce become specialized. |
| primary plant body | The tissues po\roduced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots. |
| root cap | A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem. |
| zone of cell division | The zone of primary growth in roots consisting of the root apical meristem and its derivatives. New roots cells are produced in this region. |
| zone of elongation | The zone of primary growth in roots where new cells elongate, sometimes up to ten times their original length. |
| zone of maturation | The zone of primary growth in roots where cells complete their differentiation and become functionally mature. |
| endodermis | The intermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder. |
| pericycle | The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate. |
| leaf primordia | Fingerlink projections along the flanks of a shoot apical meristem, from which leaves arise. |
| stomata | ???????? |
| guard cells | The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore. |
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