Biology chapter 3
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vpatwardhan on October 19, 2011
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63 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cytology | the study of cells |
| Micrographia | book written by Robert Hooke that named what we know as "cells" |
| Nucleus | the centralized portion of the cell that contains genetic material; control center of the cell; DNA replication and RNA transcription take place here |
| Protoplasm | the entire contents of the cell |
| Unicellular Organisms | organisms composed of one cell |
| Multicellular Organisms | organisms composed of many cells |
| Colonial Organisms | a collection of similar cells that could carry on the process of the organism if they were separated from the rest of the organism |
| Levels of multicellular organization | tissues > organs > organ systems > organisms |
| Tissues | a group of similar cells working towards the same goal/function |
| Organs | different tissues working together to perform a specific function |
| Organ systems | a group of organs that work together to perform life functions in a living organism |
| Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic | the two types of cells |
| Eukaryotic | contains a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles in the cytoplasm; humans, plants, animals, and other organisms are composed of it |
| Prokaryotic | contains only non-membrane bound organelles and doesn't have a membrane bound nucleus; bacteria, blue-green algae, and other organisms are composed of it |
| Organelles | structures in the cell which perform special functions of the cell; similar to organs of the body (can either be membrane or non-membrane bound) |
| Purposes of cell boundaries | separates, protects, and communicates |
| Plasma membrane | also known as cell membrane; serves as outermost boundary of the cell |
| Cell walls | a rigid structure that is located outside of the plasma membrane |
| Capsule | known as the sheath; made of cellular secretions and have no structural organization |
| Cytoplasm | all of the structures and materials located inside the cell membrane, except the nucleus |
| Cytoplasmic matrix | also known as cytosol, it is a colloid packed with various solutes and organic molecules |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | moves organelles around the inside of the cell, makes the cell as efficient as possible |
| Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell; transforms sugar into usable energy |
| Cellular respiration | the process of transforming sugar energy into usable energy for the cell |
| Cristae | folds in the mitochondria, contains enzymes and proteins, increases the surface area inside the mitochondria |
| Ribosomes | a non-membrane bound organelle (found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic); composed of RNA and proteins; function is to make new proteins |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a system of interconnected folded membranes inside the cell; helps maintain the shape of the cell, transportation of compounds around the cell |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | ribosomes are attached; found in cells that produce proteins to be secreted |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | no ribosomes are attached; found in cells that secret sterols and assist with the breakdown of toxins |
| Golgi Apparatus | flattened, curved, membrane-covered sac; helps with processing and packaging polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids produced by the cell |
| Lysosomes | small membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive juices; digest invading bacteria, viruses, and food items that have been ingested by the cell; break down old non-functional cellular structure |
| Cytoskeleton | microscopic system of fibers that retain the shape of the cell |
| Flagellum/Cillia 1 | flagellum is a long tubular extension of the plasma membrane/ cillia are much shorter and cover the entire cell |
| Flagellum/Ciliia 2 | flagellum usually exist singly or in groups of 3,4, or 5/ cillia cover the entire cell |
| Flagellum/Ciliia 3 | flagellum move in a spiral motion/ cillia move in a back and forth motion |
| Flagellum/Cillia 4 | flagellum move the cells through the enviornment/ cillia moves the enviornment past the cell |
| Plastids | leucoplasts or chromoplasts that contain pigments and usually function in photosynthesis; similar to mitochondria |
| Vacuoles | organelles containing food, waste, and other materials; usually very slow or stationary |
| Vesicles | organelles that are smaller and more mobile than vacuoles but functions similarly to it |
| Turgor Pressure | the amount of pressure caused by a cell's central vacuole being filled with water |
| Nuclear envelope | a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus; sometimes continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Nucleolus | a structure in the nucleus that contains a high concentration of RNA; site where ribosomes are partially assembled to be passed into the cytoplasm |
| Homeostasis | every cell's goal; "steady state" |
| Dynamic equilibrium | resisting change through constant interaction between an organism and the surrounding enviornment |
| Optimal range | range where organisms and structures function best |
| Range of tolerance | range where organisms can survive, but will not work properly |
| Dormancy | point at which an organism is beyond optimal range for a long time; slows down all functions in order to survive |
| Isotonic | no net movement of water |
| Hypotonic | water moves into the cell |
| Hypertonic | water moves out of the cell |
| Cytolosis | a cell bursting from high internal water pressure |
| Defense against cytolosis 1 | water fills up central vacuole, pushing the cytoplasm up against the rigid cell wall, causing high pressure and reduction in diffusion |
| Defense against cytolosis 2 | flexible cell wall with contractile vacuoles; contractile vacuoles pump water and extra solutes out of the cell |
| Plasmolysis | plasma membranes pull away from the cell wall; causes the cell to eventually die |
| Passive transport | movement of molecules across cell membrane without the use of any chemical energy |
| Factors affecting passive transport | concentration of molecules, size and shape of molecules; shape of molecule; charge of molecule; fat-solubility of molecule, and composition of the membrane |
| Passive mediated transport | (facilitated diffusion); proteins in the cell membrane assist large molecules in passing through the cell membrane with the concentration gradient |
| Membrane transport protein | the embedded proteins that assist large molecules in passing through the membrane |
| Active transport across membranes | energy is required to move the molecules across the membrane, AGAINST the concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | cell uses this technique to move bulk substances across the membrane and into the cell |
| Phagocytosis | movement of bulk solids across membranes (eating) |
| Pinocytosis | movement of bulk fluids across membranes (drinking) |
| Exocytosis | processes where vesicles or vacuoles move the contents outside the cell |
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