| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Enzymes | biological catalysts that increase speed of chemical reactions |
| Conformation | 3-dimensional shape |
| Active Sites | pockets in enzymes that substrates fit into |
| Enzyme-substrate complex | Enzyme & substrate together while reaction occurs |
| Enzyme is Latin for... | yeast |
| naming suffix for enzyme | -ase |
| 2 ways to name enzymes | 1. function 2. substrate |
| What happens when enzymes are out of their ideal temp & pH range? | The 3-D structure is changed |
| Cofactor | non-organic materials necessary for reaction to occur (can be used multiple times) |
| Coenzymes | organic materials derived from vitamins that transport small molecules needed by enzymes |
| In order to protect the site of creation, what form can enzymes be formed? | inactive |
| ligands | small subunit/molecule that binds in order to start reaction (2nd messengers) |
| Law of mass action | direction of enzymatic reaction is from side of higher concentration to lower |
| Metabolic Pathways | Substrate 1 > (enzyme 1) > Substrate 2 > (enzyme 2) > Final Product |
| End-Product Inhibition | when 1 product in divergent pathway inhibits activity of branch-point enzyme so reaction favors alternate pathway |
| Allosteric Inhibition | product binds to enzyme causing it to change to inactive shape |
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism | Enzymatic issues from genes |
| Metabolic diseases cause... | 1. increased intermediates prior to defective enzyme; 2. decrease in products normally formed by defective enzyme |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | energy transformations increase entropy (disorganization; high free energy) |
| high/low free energy | glucose/CO2, H2O |
| Endergonic Reactions | products contain more free energy than reactants |
| Exergonic Reactions | products contain less free energy than reactants |
| reducing agent | donates electrons (is oxidized, causes reduction) |
| oxidizing agent | accepts/gains electrons (is reduced, causes oxidation) |
| NAD | Hydrogen carrier made from vitamin B3 (niacin) |
| FAD | Hydrogen carrier made from vitamin B2 (riboflavin) |
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