1.
ADH: decreases urine output
2.
aldosterone: increases urine output
3.
bowman's capsule: the cup-shaped top
4.
calyces: cup-shaped division of renal pelvis
5.
control of urine volume: mainly by the posterior pituitary hormone's ADH, which decreases it
6.
cortex: outer layer of kidney skin substance
7.
cystitis: bladder infection
8.
emptying reflex: initiated by stretch reflex in bladder wall; bladder wall contracts; internal sphincter relaxes, external sphincter relaxes and urination occurs
9.
external urethral sphincter: voluntary regulatory sphincter
10.
filtration: goes on continually in renal corpuscles; glomerular blood pressure causes water and dissolved substances to filter out of glomeruli into bowman's capsulse; normal glomerular filtration rate is 125 ml per minute
11.
formation of urine: filtration, reabsorption, secretion
12.
function of kidneys: excretes toxins and nitrogenous wastes; regulates levels of many chemicals in blood; maintains water balance; helps regulate blood pressure via secretion of renin
13.
glomerulus: network of blood capillaries surrounded by bowman's capsule
14.
incontinence: urine voided involuntarily; may be caused by spinal injury or stroke; retention of urine may cause cystitis
15.
internal urethral sphincter: involuntary regulatory sphincter
16.
kidneys: retroperitoneal
17.
medulla: inner portion of kidney
18.
micturition: passage of urine from body, AKA urination and voiding
19.
nephrons: consist of renal corpuscle and renal tubule
20.
overactive bladder: called interstitial cystitis; amounts voided are small; extreme urgency and pain are common
21.
papilla: narrow, innermost end of pyramid
22.
pelvis: expansion of upper end of ureter; lies inside kidney
23.
pyramids: triangular divisions of medulla
24.
reabsorption: movement of substances out of renal tubules into blood in periteubular capillaries; water, nutrients, and ions are reabsorbed by osmosis from proximal convoluted tubules
25.
renal corpuscle: bowman's capsule and glomerulus
26.
renal tubule: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule
27.
secretion: movement of substances into urine in the distal and collecting tubules from bood in peritubular capillaries; hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and certain drugs are secreted by active transport; ammonia is secreted by diffusion
28.
two main regions of kidney: cortex and medulla
29.
ureters (function): drain urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder
30.
ureters (structure): narrow long tubes with expanded upper end located inside kidney and lined with mucous membrane
31.
urethra (function): passage of urine from bladder to exterior of the body; passage of male reproductive fluid from the body
32.
urethra (structure): narrow tube from urinary bladder to exterior; lined with mucous membrane; opening of urethra to the exterior called urinary meatus
33.
urinary bladder (function): storage of urine before voiding, voiding
34.
urinary bladder (structure): elastic muscular organ, capable of great expansion; lined with mucous membrane arranged in rugae, like stomach mucosa
35.
urinary retention: urine produced but not voided
36.
urinary suppression: no urine produced but bladder is normal
