Chapter 6 The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam
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32 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children |
| Quraysh | Dominant tribe in Mecca, tribe of which Mohhamad was born |
| Allah | Muslim name for the one and only God |
| Five pillars | Basic rules of Islam. 1. Profession of faith 2. Pray five times a day 3. Give alms (give money) 4. Ramadan fast 5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). |
| Abu Bakr | Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. |
| Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan |
| Sunnis | A member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad |
| Damascus | The chosen city by the umayyad Caliphs in Syria to be their capital. they ruled from ad 661 to ad 750 |
| Abbasid | The dynasty that came after the Umayyads. Devoted their energy to trade, scholorship, and the arts. |
| Wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire |
| Mosque | A Muslim place of worship |
| Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion |
| Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam |
| Muhammad | The Arab prophet who founded Islam |
| Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. |
| Hajj | The fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah |
| Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam |
| Shi'a | The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendents as the rightful successors of Muhammad |
| Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam |
| Abu al-Abbas | The chief leader of the rebellion that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end; a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he was a Sunni Arab |
| Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule |
| Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam |
| Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca |
| Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam |
| Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam |
| Zakat | The fourth pillar of Islam is almsgiving as an act of worship |
| Ali | The fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites |
| Jihad | A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal |
| Dhimmis | A person of a non-Muslim religion whose right to practice that religion is protected within an Islamic society |
| Hadith | A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law |
| Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design |
| Ramadan | The ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset |
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