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Freedom is the power, rooted in reason and will, to act or not to act, to do this or that, and so to perform deliberate actions on one's own responsibility external freedom includes freedom from factors outside ourselves that threaten or destroy our power to exercise choice; includes harsh government, illness, and poverty internal freedom includes freedom from interior factors that limit choice determninists hold that every event, action and decision inevitably results from something independent of the human will, including genetics, environment, fate, and astrology rationalization devising self-serving excuses for behavior Pinckaers Dominican theologian in the 20th century true freedom liberates us to develop our God-given talents in a responsible way so we can live our lives for others and for God; serves what is good, just, and true license/freedom of indifference The power to choose between contraries; Does not recognize inclination towards good. Resides in the will; Is entire from the first moment; Has no need for virtue; Synonymous with self-assertion (social Darwinism); Moral law, natural law and any form of legality is seen as constrictive to freedom conscience Personal self conscious-activity integrating reason, emotion, and will in self-committed judgments about right and wrong, good and evil Human process of assessment and judgment—not the authoritative voice of God conscience (as defined by Catechism) Judgment whereby the person recognizes the moral quality of a moral concrete act, he or she is going to perform, is in the process of performing, or has already completed conscience (as defined by Vatican II) In the depths of his conscience, man detects a law which he doesn't impose upon himself, but which holds him to obedience. Always summoning him to love good and avoid evil....a law written by God. To obey it is the very dignity of man; according to it he will be judged. Conscience is the most secret core and sanctuary. There he is alone with God, whose voice resonates with his. capacity do good and avoid evil process study, prayer, discernment, talking with wise people; affected by maturity and quality of advice judgment healing process of assessment to judge a particular course of action invincible ignorance Ignorance of the moral truth which one cannot overcome, and for which one is not responsible vincible ignorance Ignorance of the moral truth which can and should be overcome—"conquered." certain conscience one which dictates a course of action in clear terms without fear of error doubtful conscience one which leaves a person undecided as to the proper course of action healthy conscience one that is a reliable guide to moral decision-making; a healthy conscience seeks the truth and avoids rationalization