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Causes of French and Indian War French built a bunch of forts (from Lake Ontario to the Ohio River Valley). Colonists built a fort in western Penn., but it got taken over by French forces. GW was ordered to gather troops and get the French out of the fort. They were able to hold out for a month in their makeshift Fort Necessity, but when more French troops arrived, they were forced to surrender. Albany Conference The British knew this war was coming, so they made plans to form an alliance with the Iroquois Indians. They held the Albany Conference, where they had 150 Iroquois leaders and 7 colonist reps. Though they did not want to ally with the British and Colonists, the Iroquois did agree to stay neutral. Also at this conference, the British decided to appoint ONE leader to command British and Colonial troops. Albany Plan of Union Benjamin Franklin said that the colonies should unite and form a federal government. This plan, however, was rejected. Tension between Colonial and British troops British were sure they could beat the Indians, though colonists were trying to tell them otherwise. British General, Braddock, arrived with 1,400 soldiers, but he and many others were killed in a Native American attack. (But GW saved the day and organized a retreat!) Also, the Colonists didn't really want the British there to begin with. Provisions of the Treaty of Paris British got all French lands in Canada (New France and all of Louisiana EAST of the Mississippi), rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India • Spain got all of the Louisiana WEST of the Mississippi • Britain gave Cuba and Philippines to Spain in return for Florida. Proclamation Act of 1763 Ottawa, of the Pontiac tribe, became angered that Colonist continued to settle in areas given to NA's in treaties. He began an alliance, attacking colonial settlements. GB sent troops to suppress the rebellion, and when it worked, King George drew a line along the Appalachians, saying NO WHITES may settle past it. Colonists are not happy about this, as they want more land. Thousands ignore the proclamation, settling anyways. Grenville's Custom Reforms George Grenville, royal governor of Massachusetts, decided to allow British officials to search houses for signs of smuggling. Wanted colonies to pay the costs of their maintenance, began taxes for this purpose. Vice Admiralty Courts were in Nova Scotia, and there was NO jury. Also, judges who convicted smugglers would get 5% of any cargo confiscated. John Adams' defense of John Hancock John Hancock was sent to a VAC, where he was defended by John Adams. Points of defense: court denied colonists rights as British citizens, as there was no jury, no speedy trial Sugar Act Provisions: • raised taxes on imports (sugar, silk, wine, coffee) • lowered taxes on molasses • caused indirect taxes (merchant or importer is paying taxes, so they will raise the prices for Colonist buyers) • main purpose was to bring in money for the crown • basically reinstated the Navigation Acts Reaction in Colonies: they protested these acts, and continued to smuggle goods. Stamp Acts (1765) required that Colonists buy stamps to place on most printed items. This was the FIRST direct tax placed on the colonies. Reaction in Colonies: • Virginia resolves: called for the king to recognize colonists as Englishmen; only House of Burgesses can tax Virginians; Sons/Daughters of Liberty is formed. • Stamp-Act Congress: 9 colonies protested Stamp Acts; drafted "Declaration of Rights and Grievances"; NO TAX. W/O REP.; Non-importation movement Currency Act this required colonists to stop printing paper money. However, farmers wanted more paper money in circulation. Quartering Act if colonies didn't build barracks for British soldiers, they would have to pay rent & tax for them to stay in vacant buildings. Sons of Liberty they generated propaganda going against parliament, and frequently intimidated tax collectors (taunting, tarring and feathering, etc). Non-importation movement colonies boycotted British imports, which caused and economic crisis in England. Finally, the protest was so great, they repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, but passed an act saying that they could tax the colonies and create laws for them at any time. Views on Representation Colonial/Actual: because there were no reps FROM the colonies in parliament, they were not being represented; major distinction between legislation and taxation; bound to England by relationship to the king, NOT parliament. British/Virtual: each member of Parliament represented ALL Englishmen, regardless of where they were; Parliament could pass legislation for the ENTIRE empire; "He that accepts protection stipulates obedience." Townshend Acts created by William Pitt, Prime Minister, and Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. provisions: placed import taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea; basically renewed provisions of the Sugar Act; legalized writs of assistance; taxes would pay salaries of colonial government officials. reaction: John Dickenson published a series of essays (no tax. without rep., colonies to form one body and resist); Sam Adams drafted a letter to be passed between colonial assemblies; another non-importation movement was launched. repealed: the boycott caused an economic downfall in England, so they repealed the TAXES in the acts (but nothing else) in 1770. Writs of Assistance the legalization of this allowed British troops to enter homes to search for evidence of smuggling, without permission or previous evidence. Sam Adams' Circular Letter: this letter was circulated throughout colonial assemblies during the time of the Townshend Acts. He said that tax would weaken the power of the assemblies. The British were not very happy about this, and sent more troops to Boston. Daughters of Liberty were critical during the time of the boycotts. They would spin their OWN fabric for clothing (homespun). Soon, they and others who supported the non-importation movement were called "patriots." Boston Massacre Britain launches 4000 troops (which is about 1 for each 4 citizens) into Boston. The Bostonians constantly heckled them, sometimes in groups. On MARCH 5TH, 1770, colonists began throwing snow and taunting a lone guard. Thomas Preston, a captain, brought a small group (SEVEN more) of soldiers when he heard the cries for help. At some point, someone fired, and 5 colonists were killed. INACCURACIES of the above engraving, by Paul Revere: • in the picture, it is day. in reality it was about 9-10PM. • there was snow on the ground in reality, though there is none in the picture • the colonists are portrayed as victims, but they were not really victims at all • in the picture, the number of soldiers is wrong. (picture: 8 total, reality: 9 total) • Preston is shown standing behind his soldiers, but accounts say he was behind them • The men were not in an organized line firing upon a crowd Lobster backs a nickname for the Redcoats sent to Boston from England. Crispus Attucks first killed of the 5 in the Boston Massacre. He was shot twice, from 2 different guns. Captain Preston he was captain of the soldiers in Boston, and was present at the Boston Massacre. [not sure if this is relevant, but:] Through studies, researchers have found that even if he did give the order to fire, his soldiers wouldn't have heard him, though the taunts of the crowd may have confused the soldiers The Gaspee Affair the Gaspee was a British ship that patrolled the Rhode Island coast for smuggler, which ran aground in Providence in 1772. A group of colonists hopped on board and set fire to the ship. King George ordered the suspects back to England for trial. The colonists were outraged, as they felt this interfered with their right to a quick trial and a jury of peers. Committees of Correspondence [CoC] correspondence between colonies, which would help warn about British threats. This coordinated colonial opinion and responses. The Tea Act passed to help British East India Tea Co. [BEITC], which was on the verge of bankruptcy. It allowed the company to sell tea directly to shopkeepers, skipping merchants. The CoC agreed to disallow the BEITC tea in the colonies, forcing ships to leave and locking the tea away from public access. Boston Tea Party 150 men dumped 15,000 lbs. of tea into the harbor, dressed as NA's, in response to the Tea Act. Coercive Acts designed to PUNISH Mass. for the Boston Tea Party provisions: • shut down Boston's port until they paid for the tea • increased the power of the MA royal governor and banned town meetings • Allowed royal officials to be tried in England instead of the colonies • required local officials to provide lodging, in private homes if necessary. • Britain sent 2000 troops to enforce these acts, and ruled them by military forces, hoping to make an example of them • Western land was given to Quebec, called "Intolerable Acts" by colonists reaction: other colonies came to the aide of Boston, and were not intimidated 1st and 2nd Continental Congress 1st: House of Burgesses urged other colonies to send representatives to discuss actions against the Quebec Acts, 12 colonies did (NOT GEORGIA) • Galloway Plan: reordered relations with Parliament; didn't pass, but only needed 1 more vote • Suffolk Resolves: encouraged each colony to resist British goods and make military preparations • Issued Declaration of Rights and Grievances [see below] • Formed an association that would enforce the boycott on British goods • Agreed to meet in May of 1775, if needed 2nd: met 2 weeks after the Concord attacks • Met and adopted the Boston militia, naming it the Continental Army • Adopted Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms • Appointed GW as commander-in-chief Patrick Henry "Give me liberty, or give me death!" {...anyone else get anything else on this, 'cause that's all i had} Declaration of Rights and Grievances sent a letter to the king, expressing their loyalty to him, but explaining their problems with Parliament Paul Revere's Midnight Ride by Grant Wood: • it emulates the Wadsworth-Longfellow poem • gives a bird's-eye-view of Paul Revere's ride • Wood liked the story as a child • some inaccuracies, but they are used to the storytelling advantage of the painting Minutemen created by an illegal MA congress, had to be ready to "stand at a minute's warning" Lexington at dawn on April 19th, British troops reached Lexington. They confronted 70 volunteer soldiers. A shot rang out (The Shot Heard 'Round the World) and a battle followed. It was brief. 8 minutemen were killed, 10 were wounded. Concord British went to Concord to raid colonial supplies, but when they arrived, they found the supplies had been moved. 400 colonial militia ambushed the Brits at the Concord Bridge. They fired from behind trees and walls all along the British retreat to Boston, killing 99 and wounding 147. Colonists only had 49 deaths and 46 wounded. By May 1775, militia troops trapped the British within Boston. Loyalists vs. Patriots Loyalists/Tories: believed that English law should be upheld; strong in GA, Carolinas, & NY. Patriots/Whigs: believed England was becoming tyrannical; strong in Virginia, MA, and New England Battle of Bunker Hill the colonial militia learned of British plans to capture the hills north of Boston after they got reinforcements. On June 16th, 1775, colonists took Breed's Hill (near Bunker Hill, battle is misnamed) and began to build a fort. General Gage sent 2,200 troops. The colonists could hold them back for a while, but eventually got low on gunpowder. Colonel Prescott told his troops to hold fire on the Brits until they could "see the whites of their eyes." British won the hill, but lost about 1,000 soldiers. Results: General Gage retired (was replaced by William Howe); colonies gained a confidence boost; the situation in Boston became a stalemate Attack on Quebec Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition in July 1775, which asked the king to call off the Brit soldiers. However, they also ordered an attack on Quebec. Results: British begin a naval blockade of all colonial ports, and evacuate Boston Hessians German armsmen hired by the British to help forces in America. About 30,000 were hired. Common Sense {I get the sneaking suspicion this is going to be an ID. I advise you learn it.} Who: Thomas Paine What: Common Sense, a 47-page pamphlet arguing that freedom and independence are common sense When: January 1776 Where: circulated throughout the colonies, over 500,000 copies sold Why: he saw these concepts as common sense, and wanted to change the viewpoint of colonists. He was successful, as even GW said, "I find Common Sense is working a powerful change in the minds of many men." Declaration of Independence Written by Jefferson, Adams and Franklin influences: Common Sense, John Locke sections of: Preamble (explains why the colonists felt it was necessary), Declaration of National Rights (proclaims that all people have natural rights, and gov't should protect these rights), List of Grievances (list of complaints about British treatment), Resolution of Independence by the United States How to pay for the war in order to pay for the war, the Continental Congress began using paper money, but it lost its value quickly. Problems British faced in war: • the militias fought in a different manner, hiding and ambushing armies • many people in England did not support the war anymore • they had to station troops in other European countries to defend their empire Colonial Disadvantages • most of the soldiers were untrained • they had shortages on supplies • they did not have a strong central government American Battle Strategy the colonial armies were frequently more formal and European, but the militias fought in a more Native American style, using guerilla tactics. The American Crisis Thomas Paine's new pamphlet, which was trying to boost the morale of the colonists. GW's winter maneuvers GW, when most armies would have gone into hiding, took his soldiers across the icy Delaware River. They attacked a group of Hessians, capturing and killing about 1,000 of them. Why was Saratoga a turning point? it improved American confidence and convinced the French to ally with the colonists. Letters of Marque licenses to private ship owners, which gave permission to attack British merchant ships John Paul Jones got in a battle with the British at sea, and when asked to surrender, said "I have not yet begun to fight!" Charles Town Defeat British captured Charles Town in 1780. This was thought of the biggest American defeat of the war (thousands of men lost). King's Mountain the mistreatment of people in the south compelled southern farmers to create their own rebel forces, whereas the south had once been mostly loyalist. They organized hit-and-run attacks on British camps, mostly lead by Francis Marion. Benedict Arnold boo hiss, as Mrs. Gray would say) was an American commander who sold information to British troops. When this was discovered, he fled to NY, which was controlled by the British. There, he was given command of troops. Yorktown Cornwallis took his troops to Yorktown after they were attacked by an American army. They stayed in Yorktown to protect supplies and keep communication steady by sea. However, a French fleet came and blocked the Chesapeake Bay. They were basically surrounded by forces. Treaty of Paris (1783) Britain recognized America as an independent nation • Florida was given back to Spain • France received colonies in Africa and the Caribbean that Britain had seized Republic a form of gov't in which power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote. John Adams worried that a democracy would endanger the republic; said gov't needed checks & balances, which influenced some state constitutions, but not the 1st national constitution Republic ideals vs. traditional colonial beliefs Slavery and lack of women's rights contradict what they fought for, but were very traditional beliefs However, egalitarianism (the belief that all people are equal) rose, and worth was defined by ability, not aristocracy Post-war expansion of voting rights in most states, if you (were a white man and) paid taxes, you could vote, regardless of land ownership. But for most states, you still must own property to hold legislative office. Jefferson and Education Thomas Jefferson thought that education would be the key to making the republic work. VA Statute of Religious Freedom VA issued the freedom of religion, first state to do so Boston Massacre Occured around 9-10 p.m., on a snowy evening, March 5, 1770. In 1768, the British increased the number of troops in Boston because of the protest as results of the Townshend Acts. One soldier for every four colonists in Boston. Caused alot of resentment. Lone guardsmen standing alone at a customs house when colonists tanted and threw snow balls at him. Capt. Preston arrived with a small squad of 8 men. One colonists hit a soldier then the soldier fired. 5 colonists killed total. Revere did a sketch of where the victims fell then made a famous engraving of the event. Common Sense Publised by Thomas Paine january 1776, 47 pages... We were at war with the British but had not declared independence. Some advocated independence and some did not. Paine strongly advocated the American colonies to fight for independence. He wrote Common Sense in very common, everyday language and made it very accesible. Took some of the scaryness out of declaring . He argued we dont need to be afraid that we wont survive without the british, like a child that has lived a babe on its mother's milk, it will grow up to eat meet with out the mother. it doesnt made sense for a government so far away to govern us, it is inconveniant. A tiny island nation like england should not govern a large country like America. Sold over 500,00 copies, equivilant of 8 million copies. As a resulut had a huge impact. Directly impacted the Declaration of Independence because he directly accused king george, DOC shortly copied this. Midnight Ride of Paul Revere Occured on evening of April 18th, Paul Revere, William Prescott set out through the night to warn the minutemen and villages in Massachussettes to warn them that the British were leaving boston and heading to concord to seize the mass. miltia supplies. The ride was succesfull and the colonist were able to get to their supplies in time. The British's trip was basically a failure. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a poem about Revere's ride. It appealed to Grant Wood who then painted a version in 1991. Captured a childlike fascination in the painting. Has a simple style to it. His purpose was to Military Stradegy in the Revolution ...