| Term | Definition |
|---|
| physiology | The study of how living organisms work |
| cell | The basic unit of a living organism |
| cell | What is the smallest living unit |
| cell | Each human organism begins as a ____ |
| cell differentiation | The process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell |
| stem cell | A cell that does not have a specialty - they are "un-specialized" |
| multicellular | When cells get together they begin to form ____ structures. |
| tissues | Similar cells come together to form _____. |
| organs | Tissues come to together to form _____. |
| organ systems | Organs come together to form _____ _____. |
| connective tissue, epithelial, muscle, nerve | There are four major categories of cell classification (alphabetically) |
| muscle | ____ cells are specialized to generate the mechanical forces that produce movement |
| elongated | Muscle cells are generally ____ in shape. |
| muscle | ____ cells are specialized to respond to signals (such as neural input) by contracting. |
| nerve | ___ cells are specialized to transmit information in the form of electrical signals |
| outside | Some neurons respond to ___ environmental stimuli |
| epithelial | ___ cells are found in tissues which consists of a continuous sheet-like layer of cells in combination with a thin underlying layer on non-cellular material called a basement membrane. |
| basement membrane | The sheet like layer of epithelial tissues have a thin underlying layer on non-cellular material called a __ __ |
| body fluids | Epithelia is found wherever ___ ___ must be kept separate from the external environment. |
| selective | Epithelia forms boundaries between compartments and function as ___ barriers regulating the exchange of molecules across them |
| epithelial | Line the walls of various tubular and hollow structures in the body...what kind of cells? |
| epithelial | ____ cells cover the body or individual organs |
| connective tissue | ___ ___ cells anchor, support, and connect the structures of the body. |
| connective tissue | ____ ____ cells make up tendons and ligaments. |
| extracellular fluid | The immediate environment that surrounds each individual cell in the body is the ___ ___. |
| proteins, molecules | The extracellular matrix contains a dense meshwork of ___ and other large ___. |
| collagen, elastin proteins | The two most important components of the extracellular matrix are ___ and ___ ___. |
| elastin | ___ proteins gives tissue elasticity |
| collagen | Gives tissue the ability to resist stretching. |
| extracellular matrix. | One of it's general functions is to provide a scaffold for cellular attachments....__ __. |
| scaffold, cells | The extracellular matrix serves two general functions: ___ for cellular attachment and transmits information to the ___ in the form of chemical messengers. |
| functional units | Many organs are organized into small similar subunits called ___ ___. |
| intracellular | The fluid inside the cell |
| extracellular | The fluid outside the cell |
| plasma, interstitial | Extracellular fluid is made up of: ___ (20%) and ___ fluid (80%) |
| plasma | The liquid, noncellular part of the blood |
| interstitial | The fluid lying between the cells. |
| intracellular | Which fluid makes up approx. 70% of the total water in our body? |
| homeostasis | How does our body remain at relatively constant states when our external environment fluctuates so much? |
| homeostasis | The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. |
| dynamic | Homeostasis is a ___ (changing) process (not a static process) |
| inputs, outputs | Stability of an internal environmental variable is achieved by the balancing of ___ and ___ |
| negative | The most common feedback control in homeostasis is called ___ feedback. |
| increase | Negative feedback: If a regulated variable ___, the systems responds by making it decrease...and vice-verse. |
| positive | ___ feedback accelerates a process (not as common as negative feedback) |
| same | With positive feedback the response of the system goes in the ___ direction as the change that sets it in motion. |
| reflex | ___ is an unpremeditated, unlearned, "built in" response to a stimuli. |
| reflex | A stimulus-response sequence that aids in the body's homeostatic control system is called ____. |
| reflex arc | The following are components of ___ ___: stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, integration center, efferent pathway, effector & response. |
| stimulus | A detectable change in the internal or external environment is called a __. |
| receptor | What detects the stimulus in a reflex arc? |
| afferent | The pathway traveled by the signal from the receptor to the integration center is called __ pathway. |
| efferent | The pathway traveled by the signal from the integration center to the effector. |
| effector | In the reflex arc: the cells, tissues, or organs that bring out the final desired response. |
| apoptosis | Crucial in regulating the number of cells in a tissue or organ....._____ (cell death) |
| enzymes | ____ that trigger cell death remain inactive when cell is suppose to survive. |
| enzyme | (Apoptosis) Inactivity of ___ is controlled by constant supply of "survival signals" provided by neighboring cells, hormones, and the extracellular matrix. |
| apoptosis | If survival signals are not received from the internal environment, cell will undergo ___. |
| necrosis | Death of a cell due to injury is called ___. |
| membrane | In necrosis, when the ____ is disrupted the cell swells and releases its cytoplasmic material. |
| organs | When two or more tissues combine to make up structures that perform particular functions, those structures are called __. |
| connected, not | In some organ systems the organs are physically __, in others the organs are __ physically connected. |
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