| Term | Definition |
|---|
| genetics | Scientific study of heredity |
| gamete | A haploid egg or sperm cell; gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
| gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). |
| genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism. |
| gene map | Diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene ona particular chromosome |
| fertilization | The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote. |
| true-breeding | Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate |
| trait | Specific characteristics that varies from one individual to another |
| hybrid | (1) Offspring of two parents that differ in one or more inheritable characteristics. (2) Offspring of two different varieties or of two different species. |
| allele | An alternative form of a gene. |
| segregation | Separation of alleles during gamete formation |
| probability | Likelikhood that a particular event will occur |
| Punnett square | The checkerboard diagram used for analysis of allele segregation. |
| homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a given trait. |
| heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a given genetic character. |
| phenotype | The physical and physiological traits of an organism. |
| independent assortment | Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes |
| incomplete dominance | A type of inheritance in which F1 hybrids have an appearance that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the parental varieties. |
| codominance | A phenotypic situation in which both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote. |
| multiple alleles | Three or more alleles of the same gene |
| polygenic traits | Traits controlled by two or more genes |
| homologous | Term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent |
| diploid | Term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
| tetrad | Structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
| meiosis | Process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
| haploid | Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes. |
| crossing-over | Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis |
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