| Term | Definition |
|---|
| protobionts | aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure |
| Miller-Urey experiment | organic molecules on early earth |
| proteinoids | proteins formed abiotically |
| stromatolites | oldest known fossils - rock like structures |
| endosymbiosis | mitochondria evolved before plastids |
| peptidoglycan | network of modified sugar polymers cross-linked by short polypeptides |
| taxis | movement toward or away from a stimulus |
| endospores | resistant cells |
| protists | earlies eukaryotes |
| larva | sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult |
| choanoflagellates | colonial flagellated protists that are the closest living relatives of animals |
| porifera | sponges |
| radial symmetry | top and bottom, no rear, head, left, or right |
| bilateral symmetry | dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, cephalization |
| gastrulation | formation of tissues |
| ectoderm | surface of embryo gives rise to outer covering and CNS |
| endoderm | innermost germ layer lines developing digestives tubes - gives rise to digestive tract and other organs |
| mesoderm | between ecto and endo - forms muscle and organs between dig. tract and outside |
| cnidaria | jellies, anemones, corals |
| ctenophora | combjellies |
| coelom | body cavities |
| coelomate | true coelomate |
| pseudocoelomate | fake coelomate |
| acoelomate | no coelom |
| platyhelminthes | flatworms |
| rotifera | rotifers |
| nematoda | roundworms |
| protostome | spiral, determinate cleavage - first mouth |
| deuterostome | radial, indeterminate cleavage - second mouth |
| schizocoelous | solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom |
| enterocoelous | folds of archenteron form coelom |
| blastopore | indentation at the beginning of gastrulation that leads to the archenteron |
| mollusca | clams, snails, octopuses |
| anelida | segmented worms |
| arthropoda | crustaceans, insects, spiders |
| echinodermata | sea stars, urchins |
| chordata | lanclets, tunicates, vertebrates |
| charophyte | the closest algal relatives of land plants |
| phragmoplast | alignment of cytoskeletal elements and Golgi-derived vesicles across the midline of the dividing cell |
| sporopollenin | durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out |
| apical meristems | localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots |
| alternation of generations | life cycles of all land plants alternate between two different multicellular bodies, with each form producing the other |
| sporangia | produces, protects plant spores until release |
| gametangia | produces gametes inside multicellular organs |
| sporophyte | has sporangia; 2N |
| female gametangia | archegonia - egg kept inside |
| male gametangia | antheridia - produce and release sperm |
| bryophytes | non-vascular; mosses |
| seedless vascular | ferns |
| gymnosperms | naked seed; 1 integument; conifers |
| angiosperms | seed in "container"; 2 integuments; flowers |
| vascular tissues | xylem and phloem |
| gametophyte | has gametes; 1N |
| homosporous | single type of spore; bisexual gametophyte |
| heterosporous | two kinds of spores |
| megasporangia | megaspores; female gametophytes |
| microsporangia | microspores; male gametophytes |
| flagellated sperm | dependence on water |
| ovule | consists of megasporangium, megaspore, one or more protective integuments |
| integument | layers of sporophyte tissue |
| pollen grains | contain male gametophytes |
| pollination | transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules |
| embryo sac | female gametophyte |
| micropyle | pore the ovule enters through |
| double fertilization | pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule |
| seed | consists of embryo, food supply, packaged within integuments |
| endosperm | nourishes the developing embryo |
| cotyledons | embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves |
| hyphae | tiny filaments that form mycelium |
| mycelium | surrounds and infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds |
| pheremones | sexual signaling molecules in fungi |
| mold | any rapidly growing fungus that is reproducing asexually |
| yeast | unicellular fungi living in liquid of moist environments |
| lichens | symbiotic combination of algae and fungi |
| notochord | support |
| dorsal, hollow nerve cord | develops into CNS |
| pharyngeal slits | allows water to exit without passing through digestive tube |
| muscular post-anal tail | skeletal ements and muscle |
| cephalochordata | lancelets |
| urochordata | tunicates |
| neural crest | colleciton of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo |
| myxini | hagfish |
| lampreys | oldest living lineage of vertebrates |
| gnathostomes | jaws; lateral line system |
| chondrichthyans | cartilagenous skeleton |
| osteichthyians | bony fish; ray-finned, lobe-finned |
| tetrapods | have limbs that can support their weight on land and feet with digits allowing them to transmit muscle-generated forces to the ground when they walk |
| ambhibians | "both ways of life"; salamanders, frogs |
| amniotes | amniotic egg; extraembryonic membranes |
| extraembryonic membranes | amnion (fluid), allantois (waste/respiration), chorion (gas exchange), yolk sac (nutrients) |
| ectothermic | cold-blooded |
| mammals | mammary glands; milk; hair; big brain; differentiated teeth |
| monotremes | platypus; spiny anteaters |
| marsupials | oppossums, kangaroos, koalas |
| eutherians | placental mammals |
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