| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Population Growth | This became dramatic during the nineteenth century, due to the drop in famines, epidemics, war, and the general increase in food supply. |
| The Great Hunger (Ireland) | This happened in one of the most oppressed areas of Europe, where people lived in hovels. Cultivation of the potato led to a population growth, until 1845, when the crop was struck by a fungus. This decimated the population and caused many to emigrate to the US or GB. |
| Urbanization | Along with a massive amount of this, cities were becoming places for manufacturing and industries. |
| Urban Conditions | Authorities did not want to cope with these miserable conditions including sanitary problems and tenement housing. |
| Adulteration of Food | Businneses were defrauding consumers by adding alum to bread to make it whiter, and therefore more expenive, watering beer/milk down, and using red lead as pepper. |
| Poor Law Commisioners | Social investigations of working class men- alarmed by the moral consequences of these conditions- prostitution, crime, and sexual immorality. |
| James Kay Shuttleworth | A British reformer that discovered the cause of the outbreaks of cholera- fecal matter in water. |
| Edwin Chadwick | Another reformer, he wrote "Report on the Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain." (1842), calling for a sewage system, and most of all, the enpowerment of the municipal governments. |
| Luddites | A failed attempt at reform, this religous group attacked machines irraitonally. |
| Public Health Act | Created the National Board of Health- which was to form local boards, (municipal govts) giving them the power to est modern sanitary systems. |
| Cholera | A deadly disease rampant in Europe in the 1830s, caused by a bacteria spread by fecal matter in water. |
| Business Aristocracy | This gradual replacement of traditional enterpernuers stemmed from fathers and sons. |
| Working Class | The lower class, or Protaletariat. Men, women, and children made up a labor pool of unskilled workers, leading into the overexploitation of the large labor pool. |
| Child Labor | Overexploited in the industrial revolution,This group was employed in large numbers in factories and coal mines, because they were a cheap source of labor. |
| Factory Act of 1833 | This act declined the number of children employed. replaced by women) |
| Victorian Age | greatest era of GB |
| Overexploited | Labor pool became ______. |
| Reality | Reform was necessary. |
| Chartism | Working class movement that called for reform and advocated universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, and pay for Mps- this was lost and ignored. |
| Standard of Living | From 1899-1850, the gap between the rich and the poor widened. Short term economic depressions brought high unemployment and more social tensions. Although wages increased, people faced dreadful housing, adulterated food, health hazards and physiological trauma. |
| Combination Acts | In 1799 and 1800 it made labor associations illegal, it failed to prevent the formation of trade unions. |
| Robert Owen | Well known cotton magnate and social reformer, he believed int he creation ofvoluntary association that would demonstrate to others the benefits of cooperation rather than competitive living. |
| Grand National Trade Union | A national federation of trade unions whose main goal was to coordinate a general strikefor the 8 hour workday. It soon collapsed. |
| William Wordsworth | A romantic poet who described the destruction of the world. |
| Ten Hours Act | In 1847, made it so that children could work only ten hours if they were between the ages of 13-18 |
| Coal Mines Act | In 1842, made it so boys under ten/women could not work in coal mines. |
| Moral Consequences | Prostitution, crime, and sexual immorality. |
| "The rich got richer, and the poor got poorer" | The negative statement portraying the IR, ued by more liberal elements. |
| Artisan Guilds | medieval groups/unions of artisans, away from nobles. Restricted development of machines and modernization. |
Combine with other sets
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