FORENSICS EXAM 2
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129 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 algor mortis | cooling of body after death |
| anatomic pathology | study of the structural and morphological changes to the body as the result of a disease state |
| autopsy | internal and external investigation of a body to determine cause and manner of death |
| clinical pathology | analysis of fluids taken from body (saliva, spinal fluid, urine) to find out if there were drugs or poisons in the body |
| coroner | official who determines cause and manner of death in cases that are statuatorily mandated |
| crowner | chief tax collector in medieval England. finds out cause and manner of death |
| embalming | adding a preservative chemical to the body soon after death |
| exhumation | removal of body after burial |
| hyperthermia | extreme heat |
| hypothermia | extreme cold |
| livor mortis | tendency of blood to pool at lowest part of body, because of gravity, after death |
| manner of death | how someone died. set of circumstances that existed at time of death. |
| four manners of death | homicide. natural causes. accidental. suicide. |
| mechanism of death | actual physical, physiological or chemical event that brings on death (stupid definition) |
| medical examiner | appointed official who finds out cause of death in cases that were statuatorily mandated |
| medicolegal autopsy | same as autopsy. stupid definition geez |
| pathology | speciality concerned with determination of the causes and manners of death |
| postmortem interval (PMI) | time since death |
| rigor mortis | stiffening of limbs after death (within hours) |
| rief of the shire | local official appointed by Crowner to help with determination of cause and manner of death |
| stippling | particles of burned and unburned gunshot residue that is deposited on surface of target of a gun shot |
| timing at a crime scene | time is of essence |
| plan of attack at a crime scene | systematically searching a site, check everything |
| safety issues at a crime scene | keep safety of scene searchers in mind |
| appropriate personnel | highly qualified, trained |
| controlling a crime scene | contamination must be minimized. only let as few people as possible into scene. those working at scene may have to give elimination samples |
| documentation at a crime scene | scen changes everytime someone enters a crime scene. need to document everything. once it changes it will never be the same. corpus delicti. chain of custody for evidence. |
| corpus delicti | evidence useful in establishing a crime and someone must be prosecuted |
| 3 ways a crime is discovered | 1. witness sees crime in progress and calls the police 2. victim of crime reports to the police 3. police discover crime in progress. |
| sting operation | police, when they want to discover a crime in progress, can stage a scene that will encorage a criminal to commit a crime |
| duties of first officer at a crime scene | 1. find out if prpetrator is still at the scene 2. tend to the injured 3. notify supervisors, medical examiner, crime scene team 4. secure consent or a warrant to search the scene 5. secure the scene 6. avoid walking through scene and searching for evidence 7. note any obvious safety hazards |
| hot search | immediate to find perpetrator at the scene |
| cold search | see if people who witnessed the crime saw the perpetrator leave the scene or saw the perpetrator at the scene |
| 14th amendment | need permission to search premises |
| need for warrant | if permission is not secured for a search of a crime scene. |
| entry and exit points | created to avoid the contamination of a crime scene |
| what officer does in sight of obvious safety hazards at a crime scene | leave them alone but keep other people from coming in contact with them |
| protocol | detailed plan or procedure established by law enforcement that must be implemented for evidence to be determined as admissible in court of law |
| when csi arrives? | as soon as scene is discovered and protected |
| if dead body present at crime scene? | someone from medical coroner's office would be in charge of processing body (pathologist to make sure they're dead) |
| pathologist does at crime scene... | makes preliminary determination of postertem interval (time of death) |
| police dispatch death scene CSI squad when... | there is dead body at scene |
| altered bloodstains | physically or physiologically changed blood stains |
| physiologically altered stains | bugs interact with the blood |
| physically altered stains | voids and wipes. |
| voids | blood should be present but it isn't |
| wipes | blood was present but a person or object moved through it and change its appearance |
| BSPA | bloodstain pattern analysis. |
| satellite spatter and spine | jagged edges of a surface break up the surface tension of the blood and causes it to spatter |
| IAFIS | Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System. automated system by the FBI |
| anthropometry | method of measurement of human body characteristics used to show variation or to differentiate between two individuals |
| arch | one of the 3 general types of fingerprint patterns. |
| casting | preservation of a three dimensional impression by molding with dental stone |
| chemical fingerprinting | method of enhancing latent fingerprints by reacting chemicals with the fingerprint residue |
| dactyloscopy | science of friction ridge comparison |
| dermal papillae | layer of cells in the skin between the dermis and epidermis |
| dermis | innermost portion of the skin, which contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and sweat glands |
| epidermis | outermost portion of the skin which contains five transluscent layers of skin and no blood vessels |
| fingerprint dusting | a method of enhancing latent fingerprints by applying powders to the print residues, making them visible |
| fluorescence | emission of electromagnetic radiation from an atom that has absorbed energy from another source causing electrons to shift energy levels in the atom |
| friction ridges | raised portion of epidermis that contain pores and allow skin to have gripping properties |
| impression | remnant shape of one object after contacting another that is movable |
| latent fingerprint | fingerprint that is not visible to the unaided eye |
| loop | one of three fingerprint patterns |
| is there a statute of limitations on DNA evidence | No. Don Farmer didn't get claimed as not guilty until 24 years later. |
| curtis anserina | goose pimples. spasm of erector pilae muscles due to rigor mortis. |
| cadaveric spasm | instantaneous rigor seen in sudden deaths |
| autolysis | process after death by which digestive enzymes within the body cells break down carbohydrates and proteins |
| mummification | body organs and tissues dehydrate; requires dry conditions; hot or cold |
| saponification | body makes fat tissues into soapy substance; requires moisture in anaerobic environment over a minimum of 3 months |
| adipocere | wax. dead animal tissues are sometimes converted to wax when kept from air under certain conditions |
| CDIS | Combined DNA Index System |
| when bloody object comes in contact with a non-bloody surface | swipe |
| do persons convicted of felonies have different access to post convictin DNA testing depending on what state they are located in? | yep |
| when non bloody object goes through an existing blood stain | wipe |
| tardieu's spots | rupture of capillaries in a small area due to gravity 4-5 mm or larger |
| petechial hemorrhage | rupture of petechiae and and can be suggestive of asphxia 1mm or smaller |
| tache noir | drying of conjuntivae; not a hemorrhage |
| livor discoloration: red-purple | usual/ normal |
| livor dicoloration: pink | cyanide/cold |
| livor discoloration: cherry red | carbon monoxide |
| livor discoloration: brown | nitrates |
| blood enhancement | allows a person to see what was previously not visible to the naked eye |
| presumptive tests | easy quick methods that allow investigators to test for the presence of a substance; not confirmatory |
| confirmatory tests | making sure that presumptive tests are sure; tests specific to particular body fluid often utilizing chemicals to help visualize microscopic particles |
| species identification | immunology based tests that identify foreign substances in blood samples |
| who was the first person to be exonerated using DNA evidence | Richard Buckland |
| Virchow autopsy technique | remove organs one at a time. good for demonstrating pathological changes in single organs |
| Letulle autopsy technique | remove the organs in one big block. preserve relationships between the organs, little risk to obscuring findings |
| Ghon autopsy technique | remove organs system by system |
| Rokitansky autopsy technique | do not remove blood or organs. not common. rare. |
| PERK | physical evidence recovery kit. rape kit? sexual assualt and rape collection kit |
| sexual assault and rape collection kit | clothing; hair samples; swabbings; blood samples; toxicology samples |
| amount of blood loss that can lead to death | 40% |
| blood loss leading to incapacitation | 1.5 liters |
| two forms of bloodstain analysis | examination of overall bloodstain pattern. examination of individual stains within the pattern |
| blood stain patterns: falling/dripping | a volume of blood that separates from a blood source and falls due to gravity |
| blood stain patterns: contact | bloody object comes in contact with a non-bloody surface (SWIPE). a non bloody object WIPES through an existing blood stain a contact transfer |
| blood stain patterns: cast-off | blood is projected from a blood bearing object as a resulf of motion. |
| blood stain patterns: arterial spurt | blood exits body under pressure from a breached artery |
| blood stain patterns: impact spatter | blood receives an impact resulting in a random distribution of smaller drops |
| size of individual blood stains | as velocity of force increases, blood drop gets smaller. larger drops can travel further |
| shape of individual blood stains | spherical when traveling through air. angle that the sphere impacts the surface effects the shape of the stain |
| distribution of individual blood stains | spatial arrangement of individual stains. void patterns, angles of limitations, blood in strange places? |
| anthropometry | study of human body measurements to be used for classification and measurement; used in 19th and 20th centuries to classify criminals (Bertillon made this famous) |
| latent prints consist of... | sweat, secretions, and oil |
| chemical and physical nature of prints affected by.... | temperature, exposure to light, and humidity |
| patent prints | impressions of friction ridges which are visible such as in oil, blood, ink and mud (visible to the naked eye) |
| do identical twins have the different or same DNA? | SAME |
| do identical twins have different or same fingerprints? | DIFFERENT. this is an aspect of someone that is individual and is affected by the environment. it isn't genetic |
| adoption of fingerprints was promoted by? | Galton |
| physical influences and stresses in the womb and genetics do what to ridge patterns in fingerprints? | create shape of the volar pad and resulting ridge patterns |
| when do friction ridges develop? | definitively during development of fetus and pre-birth |
| what changes friction ridges in fingerprints? | scarring. |
| three types of fingerprints? | loop. whorl. arch. |
| what does identification of fingerprints rely on? | pattern matching points of minutia |
| ACEV (fingerprints) | A: analysis - evaluate level 1, 2, 3 minutia C: comparison - determine agreement and discrepancies E: evaluation - cyclical procedure of evaluation V: verification - 2nd examiner |
| level 1 of fingerprints | general ridge flow and pattern configuration |
| level 2 of fingerprints | ridge endings, bifurcations, dots and combinations |
| level 3 of fingerprints | ridge detail including pores |
| goals of evidence collection | halt degradative processes and limit future deterioration. avoid contamination. collect evidence safely document evidence collection process |
| methods of collecting evidence | 1. collect item directly 2. remove evidence to another substrate (rehydrate and transfer. scrape. dried substance) |
| goal of preservation of evidence for forensic biology evidence | preserve evidence in same condition as at crime scene |
| serology | detection and/or identification of body fluids on the evidence |
| DNA analysis | determination of the DNA profile from the body fluid |
| forensic tests for blood based on what property? | peroxidase (Heme group in Hemoglobin) |
| combined blood test | test combines sensitivity and specifity in utilizing two presumptive tests. dipping a swab of in both blood and an indicator to find results |
| two components of semen | 1. formed elements; sperm; non sperm male cells 2. seminal plasma; water; choline; chemicals and stuff |
| what to look for when detecting seminal fluid | 1. Visual observation: white/yellow "crusty" substance; sometimes powdery 2. screening: alternate light source (fluoresenct properties of seminal fluid) |
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