AP Chapter 4: Consciousness
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justinmadison on October 24, 2011
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AP Psychology Chapter 4
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47 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Consciousness | A state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us |
| William James | 1875 American psychologist Described consciousness as a stream of thoughts |
| Focused Awareness | A state of heightened alertness in which one is fully absorbed in the task at hand |
| Drifting Consciousness | A state of awareness characterized by drifting thoughts or mental imagery |
| Daydreaming | A form of consciousness during a waking state in which one's mind wanders to dreamy thoughts or fantasies |
| Divided Consciousness | A state of awareness characterized by divided attention to two or more tasks or activities performed at a time |
| Unconsciousness | In ordinary use, a term referring to a lack of awareness of one's surrounds OR a loss of consciousness, ex: Sleep |
| Altered States of Consciousness | States of awareness that differ from one's usual waking state, ex: hypnosis, meditation, drug induced states |
| Circadian Rhythm | Sleep-wake cycle is close to 24 hours in length. Regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus |
| Jet Lag | Disruption of the sleep-wake cycle caused by shifts in time zones that accompany long-distance air travel |
| Rapid-eye-movement (REM) Sleep | A stage of sleep that involves rapid eye movements (usually while eyes are closed) and that is most closely associated with periods of dreaming |
| Activation-synthesis hypothesis | The proposition that dreams represent the brain's attempt to make sense of random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep |
| Lucid dreams | Dreams in which the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming |
| Insomnia | Difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep, or returning to sleep after awakening |
| Narcolepsy | A disorder characterized by sudden, unexplained "sleep attacks" during the day |
| cataplexy | Sudden loss of muscle control |
| Sleep apnea | Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep |
| Nightmare disorder | A sleep disorder characterized by a pattern of frequent, disturbing nightmares |
| Sleep terror disorder | A sleep disorder involving repeated episodes of intent fear during sleep, causing the person to awake abruptly in a terrified state |
| Sleepwalking disorder | A sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of sleepwalking |
| Transcendental meditation | A form of meditation in which practitioners focus their attention by repeating a particular mantra |
| Mantra | A sound or phrase chanted repeated during meditation |
| Mindfulness meditation | A form of meditation in which one adopts a state of nonjudgmental attention to the unfolding of experience on a moment-to-moment basis |
| Hypnosis | An altered state of consciousness characterized by: Focused attention Deep relaxation Heightened susceptibility to suggestion |
| Hypnotic age regression | A hypnotically induced experience that involves re-experiencing past events in one's life |
| Hypnotic analgesia | A loss of feeling or responsiveness to pain in certain parts of the body during hypnosis |
| Posthypnotic amnesia | An inability to recall what happened during hypnosis |
| Posthypnotic suggestion | A hypnotist's suggestion that the subject will respond in a particular way following hypnosis |
| neodissociation theory | Ernest Hilgard's theory of hypnosis based on the belief that hypnosis represents a state of divided (dissociated) consciousness Dissociated consciousness: Observer / Actor |
| Hidden observer | Hilgard's term for a part of consciousness that remains detached from hypnotic experience but aware of everything that happens during it |
| Psychoactive Drugs | Chemical substances that act on the brain to affect emotional or mental states |
| Drug abuse | Maladaptive use of a chemical substance |
| Polyabusers | People who abuse more than one drug at a time |
| Drug dependence | A severe drug-related problem characterized by impaired control over the use of a drug |
| Physiological dependence | A state of physical dependence on a drug caused by repeated usage that changes body chemistry |
| Withdrawal syndrome | A cluster of symptoms associated with abrupt withdrawal from a drug |
| Tolerance | A form of physical habituation to a drug in which increased amounts are needed to achieve the same effect |
| Drug addiction | aka Chemical addiction, an addiction that is accompanied by signs of physiological dependence, such as withdrawal syndrome |
| Psychological dependence | A pattern of compulsive or habitual use of a drug to satisfy a psychological need |
| Depressants | Drugs that dampen or slow the central nervous system activity Examples: Alcohol Barbiturates: Phenobarbital, Nembutal and Amytal Tranquilizers: Valium, Atavan and Xanax |
| Narcotics | Powerful synthetic drugs with pain-relieving properties Morphine, Codeine, Oxycodone |
| Intoxicant | A chemical substance that induces a state of drunkenness |
| Alcoholism | A chemical addiction characterized by impaired control over the use of alcohol and physiological dependence on it |
| Stimulants | A drug that activates the central nervous system Examples: Amphetamines: (synthetic) Benzedrine, Methamphetamine (speed) |
| Hallucinogens | Drugs that alter sensory experiences and produce hallucinations Examples: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide; "acid") Mescaline, Psilocybin, and PCP |
| Delirium | A mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, difficulty focusing and excitable behavior |
| Detoxification | A process of clearing drugs or toxins from the body |
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