AN SC 431 Oct 24
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24 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 changes during epididymal transport (4) + where do these changes take place? | 1. ↑ fertility 2. ↑ motility 3. ↑ metabolism 4. ↓ lipid synthesis * all major changes occur in the corpus (body) of the epididymus |
| cellular components of sperm (4) | 1. head with acrosome & postnuclear cap 2. middle piece (wrapped with mitochondria) 3. tail 4. membranes: nuclear, plasma/cell, acrosomal (2) |
| characteristics of the sperm head (2) | 1. nucleus contains tightly condensed chromosomes → not easily targeted by toxins or radiation 2. contains an inner & an outer acrosomal membrane → required to deliver chromosomes into egg (contains enzymes to penetrate egg defenses) |
| characteristics of the middle piece (2) | 1. contain mitochondria that generate the energy to drive the flagellum 2. 9+9+2 arrangement of fibers/microtubules → 9 outer fibers (for elasticity) + 9 doubled microtubules + 2 inner microtubules |
| characteristics of the tail (4) | 1. locomotion 2. 7+9+2 arrangement of fibers/microtubules → 7 outer fibers (other 2 are replaced by columns for support) + 9 doubled microtubules + 2 inner microtubules 3. dynein arms have ATPase activity → results in sliding action of arms 4. end piece has 9+2 arrangement (lost the 7) |
| sperm vary by species in what characteristics? (3) | 1. overall length 2. head shape 3. head size |
| potential sperm abnormalities (4) | 1. acrosome → missing or damaged 2. head → crater or misshapen 3. neck → bent or broken 4. tail → improper fibril arrangement |
| key energy source for sperm | fructose |
| metabolic activities of sperm (6) | 1. glycolysis 2. TCA cycle 3. FA oxidation 4. electron transport 5. anaerobic (lactic acid production) → enzymes throughout tail 6. aerobic respiration (uses lactate & pyruvate) → enzymes in mitochondria * sperm can utilize a variety of energy-producing metabolic pathways → will use what is provided * |
| seminal plasma = | supernatant resulting from centrifugation of semen sample (no cells) |
| sperm is also known as... | spermatozoon (spermatid) → plural = spermatozoa |
| basic semen components (3) | 1. spermatozoa 2. fluids from the ampulla (except for in pigs), vesicular glands/seminal vesicles, prostate, & bulbourethral glands 3. gelatinous fraction (in some species → horses, pigs, humans) |
| factors affecting # of spermatozoa in ejaculate (6) | 1. species 2. age 3. testicular size 4. ejaculatory/mating frequency 5. season (some species) 6. sexual preparation |
| role of seminal fluids (5) | 1. not required for fertility in some species 2. nutrients for sperm while in female tract 3. protection from harmful conditions in female 4. increase volume (very important in pig) 5. prevent capacitation of sperm (interaction with egg) → necessary to prevent until ready |
| components of seminal plasma: high levels (5) | 1. citrate 2. ergothioneine (an antioxidant) 3. fructose 4. GPC 5. sorbitol (a sugar alcohol) |
| components of seminal plasma: lower levels (6) | 1. ascorbic acid 2. amino acids 3. peptides & proteins 4. lipids & FAs 5. various enzymes 6. antimicrobials → seminal-plasmin & immunoglobulins (esp. IgA) |
| hormones present in seminal plasma (8) | 1. androgens & estrogens 2. prostaglandins 3. FSH, LH, CG-like molecule 4. growth hormone 5. INS & glucagon 6. prolactin 7. relaxin 8. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) |
| factors affecting seminal fluid volume (2) | 1. collection frequency 2. collection method (natural service vs. AI vs. electroejaculation) |
| seminal fluid volume with electroejaculation | high fluid volume but minimal sperm |
| prostate gland: location + function | near the neck of the bladder → flushes urethra to remove traces of urine (urine rapidly kills sperm) |
| function of bulbourethral glands | secretes fluid & the gelatinous fraction |
| seminal extenders (3) | 1. extend useful life of sperm 2. extend use of ejaculate (# of services) 3. mimic composition of seminal fluid |
| components of semen extenders (5) | 1. cryoprotectants (for chilled or frozen only) → penetrating (glycerol; DMSO) or non-penetrating (milk protein; egg yolk) 2. buffers 3. energy source 4. antibiotics → to protect the female in case there is a pathogen that was secreted by the male 5. must be isotonic |
| proteins in bull semen (2) | 1. 2 proteins are present in high-fertility bulls & 2 different proteins are present in low-fertility bulls → mixing seminal plasma of high bull w/ sperm from low bull improves fertility of low bull 2. key protein = osteopontin → increases fertility of low fertility bull & improves results of IVF |
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