World Civ II -- Exploration & Southeast Asia
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shulmonster on October 24, 2011
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English | Math / Symbols |
|---|---|
 Possible Essay Topics | Muslim & Christians, Eur. Expansion Reasons/Consequences, Diaz --> De Gama, Columbus & Magellan, Cortes + Aztecs, Pizarro + Incans, Reasons Incas/Aztecs Fell, Columbian Exchange, Viceroyalties, Encomienda System, Indigenous Population Decline, Labor Shortage Problem + Solutions, Africans' Role in Slave Trade, Diff. Reactions of China vs Japan to Westerners, European Inflation |
| 3 Ways of Cultural Contact | Trade, war, immigration |
| Animism | the belief that inanimate objects and natural phenomenon posses a soul -god is in everything -everything sacred |
| Malacca | the biggest commercial entrepot on Indian Ocean |
| bride wealth | custom whereby at marriage the groom paid the bride or her family a sum of money that remained under her control |
| Muslim & Chr competition | -struggle for converts |
| St. Francis Xavier | first Jesuit to Malacca |
| S.E. Asians view of Chr&Mus | Wealthy, powerful individuals. Associated powerfulness & wealthiness with religion |
| Chr & Mus conversion of SE Asians | They would translate Scriptures and documents for them To convert the natives would have to memorize sacred texts & learn sacred prayers and customs |
| Chr. specific aspects of SE Asian conversion | They relied on celibate clergy & baptism to build community |
| Mus. specific aspects of SE Asian conversion | Assimilation through marriage & merging of cultures -didnt have iconoclastic ideas like Chr -major obstacle was getting rid of pork in diet -most people muslim |
| Developments that Stimulated Market for SE Asian Goods | 1) collapse of silk road --> ^ traffic on Indian Ocean 2) Chinese expansion --> ^ pop of china & ^demand 3) 7 Voyages of Zheng He launched "age of commerce" |
| Reasons for European Expansion | Money --Lack of opportunities at home & escape from poverty --European demand for luxury goods & for profit Exploration --The urge to explore + "curiosity about physical universe" Religion --used excuse of religion |
| Caravels | ships with cannons -trade was a war game -slower than galley but held more cargo -small, light |
| Consequences of Eur. Expansion | -America -Slaves -No Native Americans -South America = Catholic |
| Navigators of Eur. Expansion | PORTUGUESE •Henry the Navigator -prince of Portugal, supported seafare •Diaz -Rounded Cape of Good Hope, had to turn back -showed that there was land past the western outcropping of Africa •de Gama -Using Diaz's knowledge, sailed around Africa and up to India -showed seaborne trade possible, profitable ~~~~~~~~ SPANIARDS •Columbus -'Discovered' New World -proposed conquering, enslaving peoples of New World •Magellan -Voyaged from Spain to Asia -showed inter-connectedness of world's oceans •Cortes -conqueror of the Aztecs/Mexico -"I have come to win gold..." •Pizarro -conqueror of Incas |
| Life at sea | Dangerous, crowded, unsafe, disease-ridden |
| Fernandez de Oviedo | wrote "General History of the Indies" |
| Galleys | long, narrow boats powered by slaves -couldn't withstand tough winds -took a lot of man power -develop caravel |
| Ptolemy's Geography | synthesized geographical knowledge of classical world -contains crucial errors, missing the Americas |
| Astrolabe | instrument invented by Greeks used to determine the position of the sun |
| Objectives of Portuguese Foreign Policy | a) aristocratic desires for marital glory b) Chr.ize Muslims c) quest for gold, slaves, routes |
| Henry the Navigator | prince of Portugal, supported seafare |
| Portugese establish plantations on Africa | ... |
| Bartholomew Diaz | Portuguese navigator who rounded Cape of Good Hope (southern tip), had to turn back bc of storm and mutiny -discovered that there was land past the western outcropping of Africa |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese navigator who sailed around the cape and up the African coast to India -returned with spices and cloths -proved trade possible -journey brought 6000% profit |
| Challenges for Portuguese Journey to India | Competition with Muslim ships -trade was a war game |
| Christopher Columbus | -From Spain -devout Chr who wanted to spread Chr.ity -knowledgable about sea -mapmaker -objective of first voyage: find trading route to Asia |
| Columbus's First Voyage | Landed in Bahamas, thought it was island off of Japan -saw natives to be easy converts & good slaves -Called it "San Salvador" -Returned to Spain with plot of conquering Hispanola --->revolt --->return to spain again |
| Magellan | From Spain to Asia -prove interconnectedness of world's oceans -showed seaborne commerce was possible |
| Hernardo Cortes | -From Spain -conqueror of Mexico -"I have come to win gold, not plow the fields like a peasant" -voyages made possible by growth of govt power Went from Hispanola to Mexico -for gold -traveled to Technotitlan -with 600 men |
| Reasons Aztecs/Incas fell | -Inca's and Aztecs misinterpreted intentions -no defense/time to strategize -not everyone supporting govt anyway -lower range of lethality (bows & arrows, not guns) --had to fight closer to enemy -weaker immune system Timing: -harvests, internal strife, odd natural phenomenon (comet, temples destroyed) -Aztecs believed Spanish were returning god Quetzalcoatl -Incas believed Spanish were returning god Verocha |
| Reasons Spanish Didn't fall | -ready for fighting Inca: -five year civil war ended on day Pizarro arrived -everyone tired of fighting Aztec: internal problems: captured cities tired of paying tribute |
| Montezuma II | Ruler of Technotitlan -welcomed Cortes warmly -taken hostage by Cortes |
| Pizarro | Spanish conquistador -landed in Peru (Inca) on day Atahualpha won civil war -Atahualpa unarmed, expected warm arrival -captured Atah & collected huge ransom, killed anyway |
| Viceroyalties | The four administrative subunits of the New World created by the Spanish crown -existed mainly for financial gain -lots of gold & silver mining |
| Problems with Viceroyalties | -distance between Madrid and New World --less communication -administrative control --need to ensure viceroys' loyalty -not much check & balance --a little from audiencia |
| Viceroy | The imperial governor of a viceroyalty |
| Audiencia | The board of 12-15 judges serving as an advisory council & the highest judicial body presided over by the viceroy |
| Quinto | A Spanish tax in the new world claiming one-fifth of all mined precious metals |
| Corregidores | local officials who held judicial and military power |
| The Columbian Exchange | The transfer of animals, plants, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and New World |
| Encomienda System | The Spanish system whereby the crown granted the conquerors the right to employ groups of Amerindians in a town or area -disguised form of slavery -partly abolished by Charles V from pressure by Jesuits |
| Indigenous Population Decline | -Encomienda System = slavery --not used to working conditions -No resistance to Old World diseases -Malnutrition -Starvation -Murdered by Spanish |
| New World Labor Shortage | -Native Americans first exploited --doesn't work well b/c they all died ---Encomienda System ---Virgin Soil Epidemic (unknown diseases) ---Loss of will to live Solution: Import african slaves for labor |
| Slave Info | POW's, in debt, inherited slavery -diseases + epidemics --> ↓ agricultural workers --> ↑ buying slaves -were mostly white -a lot needed for sugar |
| Sugar | -Imported from New World to Old World -quickly became luxury -became primary crop export -tons of slaves needed for plantations |
| Slave Trade | -Thousands transported annually -Total of 12 million African slaves brought over -20% of slaves died on voyages --> some traders improved conditions -poor quality food & water, crowding, low sanitation -crowding increases capacity, profit -"we have only the fittest bc they survived" |
| Middle Passage | The term for the voyage between Africa and the New World |
| Africans' Role in Slave Trade | Africans sold Africans because: -From their POV, the people they're selling aren't their own --high diversity of cultures within Africa (no ethnic solidarity) -desperation -greed |
| Portuguese (Global Trade Networks) | Main Water: Asian Waters -Control resulted from naval power & shipborne artillery -first world traders -Portuguese was language of maritime trade |
| Spanish (Global Trade Networks) | Main Water: Pacific Ocean -Seaborne empire centered in Manila in Philippines --'Bridge' between Spanish America and Asian trade -Conquered Philippines too |
| Dutch (Global Trade Networks) | Main Water: Indonesian Waters -Empire built on spices --profits → est. Dutch East India Company ---intention of capturing spice trade from Portuguese -wanted direct access to Indonesian sources of spices -agreements + seizures + outright war → gain control of western access to Indonesia -monopoly on spice trade |
| Japan (Global Trade Networks) | ↓ violence + unification + dev. of marketing networks → increase in orders → govt expand navy, ↑ mine production -process stopped when govt closed island to trade -death penalty for merchants travelling abroad |
| China (Global Trade Networks) | -Chinese silk sold by Portuguese --huge demand |
| One-way trade | The unequal commercial relationship between different areas of the globe -Gold flowing from Europe to Asia, food & expendables flowing from Asia to Europe |
| The power of action | The potential to act based on the amount of money one has to spend |
| Why China Could Have Expanded | -largest geographical power in Asia -same practical experience as Europe -population of 65 million, 10x more than Spain -More than double wealth of Spain + France combined |
| Why China Didn't Expand | -Confucian teachings hostile to trade & foreign commerce -Merchants were lowest class -Thought trade led to competition, which leads to social mobility and change which causes disorder --BUT: China had acquired commercial dominance of Luzon, in Philippines, so hostility to trade didn't expand *∗*∗*∗Internal & Domestic Difficulties→Didn't Expand -Mongol pressure from North border --> domestic security -Emperor Zhengtang saw that overseas expansion brought little gain --wanted to conserve resources for army --cancelled exploration -China losing domestic control: hard to rule many different peoples |
| Matteo de Ricci | Jesuit who went to China -met with emperor and impressed him -emperor didnt want to convert |
| Chinese Problems with Christianity | -didn't accept total commitment -didn't accept that there was only one path to heaven -saw Jesus as state criminal -in Chr, couldn't worship ancestors |
| Chinese Reactions to Chr. | -expelled missionaries -forbade Chr.ity |
| Japanese Reactions to Chr. | -expelled Chr., Spanish, Portuguese -closed Japan to foreign influence -Dutch supported Japan in getting rid of Chr & Portuguese (Protestant wanted to rid Chr, businessmen ridded competition) -crucified survivors of rebellion --very public, sets example -Island of Deshima (2000 sq ft) is where 1 Dutch ship annually can trade with Japanese |
| Japanese Problems with Chr. | -thought that Chr.ity and allegiance to govt were mutually exclusive -divided allegiance --> invasion (knew example of Philippines) -thought it was inferior to their superior culture |
| proselytize | to convert someone to a faith, belief, or cause |
| What Caused Eur. Inflation | -can't be suspected cause (flood of silver) --because peak of silver exports doesn't match up with peak of inflation -suspected to be substantial population growth --because when the population pressure declined, prices stabilized |
| The Effects of Eur. Inflation | -food & goods prices rose -Strained gov't budgets --King had to repudiate state budget --undermined confidence in gov't |
| Eur. Inflation's Effect on Classes | Continental Nobles -hurt because they live on a fixed income (money was worth less) Middle Class -helped because most live in debt (debt had less value) Poor -hurt worst of all because of increasing food prices |
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