chap 1
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Created by:
kellypeyton074 on October 24, 2011
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46 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 atom | basic unit of matter |
| molecule | the simplest structural unit of an element or compound |
| elements | a molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions. |
| subatomic particles | protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| Isotopes | atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain |
| Neutrons | the particles of the nucleus that have no charge |
| Protons | positively charged particles located in the nucleus |
| Electrons | negatively charged particle located in the electron cloud |
| Carbohydrates | energy-rich organic compound, such as a sugar or a starch, that is made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Lipids | energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Proteins | contains carbon, hydrogen, oxyge, and nitrogen. source of energy. needed by tissue for repair and growth. made up of amino acids. muscles |
| Nucleic Acids | Polymers of nucleotides; used to store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information; RNA and DNA |
| Chemical Bonds | an attraction between two atoms resulting from the sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges |
| Chemical Reactions | the process in which chemical bonds are broken and/or formed |
| Hydrogen Bonds | bond created by the weak attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen atom to a slightly negative portion of another molecule |
| Activation Energy | energy needed to get a chemical reaction started |
| Ion | an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge |
| Ionic Bond | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion |
| Covalent Bond | a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
| Polar Covalent Bonds | a covalent bon in which the electrons were shared unequally |
| Non Polar Covalent Bond | a covalent bond in which the electrons were shared equally |
| pH | a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is (7=neutral) |
| Acidic | a pH below 7 is |
| Basic | pH above 7 is |
| Organic Compound | compound that contains carbon bonded to hydrogen and is found in living things |
| Monosaccharide | a single sugar (like sucrose or fructose) |
| Disaccharide | A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. |
| Polysaccharide | long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers |
| Isomer | compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures |
| Saturated Fat | a lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms (worse for you) |
| Unsaturated Fat | A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms (better for you) |
| Phospholipids | A molecule that has a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. |
| Amino Acids | building blocks of proteins |
| Peptide Bonds | The bonds connecting amino acids together to form polypeptide chains. |
| Polypeptide Bonds | chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| Primary Structure | The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain. |
| Secondary Structure | The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain. |
| Tertiary Structure | The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to the amino acids making up the chain. |
| Hydrophobicity | the tendency for nonpolar amino acids to avoid water |
| Quternary Structure | the bonding between more than one polypeptide structure |
| Polymer | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
| Monomer | a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers |
| Nucleotides | Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases |
| Purines | a colorless crystalline nitrogen-containing organic base |
| Pryimidines | nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms |
| macromolecule | a very large organic molecule, usually a polymer, composed of hundreds or thousands of atoms |
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